Part 1: The basics of food allergy
1 The nature of food allergy
1.1 Introduction: defining food allergy
1.2 Mechanisms of food allergy
1.3 Avoidance diets and treatment for IgE-mediated food allergies
1.4 Future trends
1.5 Sources of further information and advice
1.6 References
2 Classifying food allergens
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Plant food allergens
2.3 Animal derived food allergens
2.4 Future trends
2[...]
Part 1: The basics of food allergy
1 The nature of food allergy
1.1 Introduction: defining food allergy
1.2 Mechanisms of food allergy
1.3 Avoidance diets and treatment for IgE-mediated food allergies
1.4 Future trends
1.5 Sources of further information and advice
1.6 References
2 Classifying food allergens
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Plant food allergens
2.3 Animal derived food allergens
2.4 Future trends
2.5 Sources of further information and advice
2.6 Acknowledgement
2.7 References
Part II: Types of detection method
3 Antibodies
3.1 Nature of antibodies
3.2 Immunogens and antigens
3.3 Antibody production
3.4 Choice of producing monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
3.5 References
4 Allergen-speciflc human IgE antibody-based analysis of food
4.1 Introduction
4.2 IgE antibody-based in vivo assay
4.3 IgE antibody-based in vitro assay for food allergen detection
4.4 Applications
4.5 RAST inhibition assay strengths and weaknesses
4.6 Future trends
4.7 References
5 Immunoblotting in allergen detection
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Mono-specifie antibody reagents
5.3 Critical assessment of (mono-)specificity
5.4 Food processing and antibody specificity
5.5 Future trends
5.6 References
6 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for detecting allergens in foods
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Principles of ELISAs
6.3 Applications
6.4 Future trends
6.5 Conclusions
6.6 Acknowledgements
6.7 References
7 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods for the detection of allergenic foods
7.1 Introduction
7.2 PCR principles
7.3 Applieation of PCR for the detection of allergenie foods
7.4 Advantages and disadvantages of PCR compared to ELISA
7.5 Future trends
7.6 References
8 Proteomic assessment of allergens in food
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Key issues in proteomic assessment of allergens
8.3 Applications of proteomics for detection of allergens
8.4 Future trends
8.5 Conclusions
8.6 References
9 Detecting food allergens with a surface plasmon resonance immunoassay
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Biosensors and SPR technology
9.3 Developing a food allergen SPR immunoassay
9.4 Published methods
9.5 Experimental data
9.6 Conclusions
9.7 Sources of further information and advice
9.8 References
10 The use of lateral flow devices to detect food allergens
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Antibodies
10.3 Constructing a lateral flow device (LFD)
10.4 Running a sample
10.5 Methods available
10.6 Future trends
10.7 References
Part III: Detection methods for particular allergens
11 Methods for detecting peanuts in food
11.1 Introduction: peanut allergy
11.2 Allergenic peanut proteins
11.3 peanut detection methods
11.4 Appropriate detection limits for peanut methods
11.5 Future trends
11.6 References
12 Detecting tree nuts and seeds in food
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Prevalence of nut and seed allergies
12.3 Thresholds
12.4 Allergenic proteins in nuts and seeds
12.5 Effect of food processing on allergenieity
12.6 Detecting nut and seed residues in food: selecting a method
12.7 Conclusions
12.8 References
13 Detecting dairy and egg residues in food
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Milk
13.3 Egg
13.4 Types of detection methods
13.5 Future trends
13.6 Acknowledgements
13.7 References
14 Detecting wheat gluten in food
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Key requirements for detection and quantization
14.3 Types of detection methods
14.4 Non-antibody-based techniques
14.5 Selecting a method
14.6 Future trends
14.7 Sources of further information and advice
14.8 References
15 Detecting soy, flsh and crustaceans in food
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Soy
15.3 Crustaceans
15.4 Fish
15.5 Future trends
15.6 References
Part IV: Issues in allergen detection methods
16 Allergen quality assurance for hypoallergenic formula
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Key terms and clinical and analytical performance targets
16.3 Analytical methods
16.4 Applications
16.5 Summary and future trends
16.6 References
17 Common issues in detecting allergenic residues on equipment and in processed foods
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Food allergy and product safety
17.3 Management of food allergy risks
17.4 Role of allergen detection and other considerations
17.5 Future trends
17.6 References
18 Factors affecting the effectiveness of allergen detection
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Factors affecting the determination of allergenic residues
18.3 Troubleshooting
18.4 Future trends
18.5 Summary
18.6 References
19 Reference materials and method validation in allergen detection
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Quality assurance for the analysis of allergens
19.3 Towards validated methods for allergen determination
19.4 Characteristics and use of reference materials
19.5 Towards reference materials for allergens
19.6 Future trends
19.7 Sources of further information and advice
19.8 References
20 US regulation of undeclared allergens in food products
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Regulatory liability
20.3 Legal grounds for product liability actions
20.4 Future trends
20.5 Conclusion
20.6 Sources of further information and advice
20.7 References
Appendix 1: Summary of cases involving known allergens
Appendix II: Summary of cases involving ingredients that are not allergens
21 EU regulation of undeclared allergens in food products
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Food legislation concerning the labelling of ingredients
21.3 Food legislation concerning the labelling of allergens
21.4 Legislation concerning general product safety (Directive 2001/95/EC)
21.5 Legislation concerning food safety (Regulation (EC) No. 2002/178/EC)
21. 7 Key issues in labelling of allergens, undeclared allergens, food safety and product liability
21.8 Future trends
21.9 Sources of further information and advice
21.10 References
22 Conclusions
22.1 Recent literature and trends
22.2 Relating detection limits to clinically relevant doses
22.3 Reference materials, extraction and recovery
22.4 Developing realistic and practical detection methods
22.5 Summary
22.6 References
Index
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