Part I Review on Biopolymers for Food Protection
1 Emerging Trends in Biopolymers for Food Packaging
Sergio Torres-Giner, Kelly J. Figueroa-Lopez, Beatriz Melendez-Rodriguez, Cristina Prieto, Maria Pardo-Figuerez, and Jose M. Lagaron
1.1 Introduction to Polymers in Packaging
1.2 Classification of Biopolymers
1.3 Food Packaging Materials Based on Biopolymers
1.3.1 Polylactide
1.3.2 Polyhydroxyalkanoates
1.3.3 Poly(butylene adipate-co-te[...]
Part I Review on Biopolymers for Food Protection
1 Emerging Trends in Biopolymers for Food Packaging
Sergio Torres-Giner, Kelly J. Figueroa-Lopez, Beatriz Melendez-Rodriguez, Cristina Prieto, Maria Pardo-Figuerez, and Jose M. Lagaron
1.1 Introduction to Polymers in Packaging
1.2 Classification of Biopolymers
1.3 Food Packaging Materials Based on Biopolymers
1.3.1 Polylactide
1.3.2 Polyhydroxyalkanoates
1.3.3 Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)
1.3.4 Polybutylene Succinate
1.3.5 Bio-based Polyethylene
1.3.6 Bio-based Polyethylene Terephthalate
1.3.7 Poly(ethylene furanoate)
1.3.8 Poly(ε-caprolactone)
1.3.9 Thermoplastic Starch
1.3.10 Cellulose and Derivatives
1.3.11 Proteins
1.3.11.1 Gelatin
1.3.11.2 Wheat Gluten
1.3.11.3 Soy Protein
1.3.11.4 Corn Zein
1.3.11.5 Milk Proteins
1.4 Concluding Remarks
2 Biopolymers Derived from Marine Sources for Food Packaging Applications
Jone Uranga, Iratxe Zarandona, Mireia Andonegi, Pedro Guerrero, and Koro de la Caba
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Fish Gelatin Films and Coating
2.2.1 Collagen and Gelatin Extraction
2.2.2 Preparation and Characterization of Fish Gelatin Films and Coatings
2.2.3 Food Shelf Life Extension Using Fish Gelatin Films and Coatings
2.3 Chitosan Films and Coatings
2.3.1 Chitin and Chitosan Extraction
2.3.2 Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan Films and Coatings
2.3.3 Food Shelf Life Extension Using Chitosan Films and Coatings
2.4 Future Perspectives and Concluding Remarks
3 Edible Biopolymers for Food Preservation
Elisabetta Ruggeri, Silvia Farè, Luigi De Nardo, and Benedetto Marelli
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Polysaccharides
3.2.1 Alginate
3.2.2 Carrageenans
3.2.3 Cellulose
3.2.4 Chitosan
3.2.5 Pectin
3.2.6 Pullulan
3.2.7 Starch
3.3 Proteins
3.3.1 Casein
3.3.2 Collagen
3.3.3 Gelatin
3.3.4 Wheat Gluten
3.3.5 Whey Protein
3.3.6 Silk Fibroin
3.3.7 Zein
3.4 Lipids
3.4.1 Beeswax
3.4.2 Candelilla Wax
3.4.3 Carnauba Wax
3.4.4 Shellac
3.5 Edible Composite Materials
3.6 Active Coatings
3.6.1 Antimicrobial Agents
3.6.2 Antioxidant Agents
3.7 Materials Selection and Application
3.8 Conclusions
Part II Food Packaging Based on Individual Biopolymers and their Composites
4 Polylactic Acid (PLA) and Its Composites: An Eco-friendly Solution for Packaging
Swati Sharma
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Synthesis of PLA and Its Properties
4.3 Properties Required for Food Packaging
4.3.1 Barrier Properties
4.3.2 Optical Properties
4.3.3 Mechanical Properties
4.3.4 Thermal Properties
4.3.5 Antibacterial Properties
4.4 General Reinforcements for PLA
4.4.1 Natural Fibers
4.4.2 Synthetic Fibers
4.4.3 Functional Fillers
4.4.3.1 Clay/PLA Composites
4.4.3.2 Metal-oxide/PLA Composites
4.5 Biodegradability of PLA
4.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects
5 Green and Sustainable Packaging Materials Using Thermoplastic Starch
Anshu A. Singh and Maria E. Genovese
5.1 Sustainability and Packaging: Toward a Greener Future
5.1.1 The Plastic Threat
5.1.2 The Call for Sustainability
5.1.3 Biomaterials for Sustainable Packaging
5.2 Thermoplastic Starch
5.2.1 Starch: Physicochemical Properties, Processing, Applications
5.2.2 From Starch to Thermoplastic Starch
5.2.3 Plasticizers of Starch
5.2.4 Processing of Thermoplastic Starch
5.3 Thermoplastic Starch-Based Materials in Packaging
5.3.1 Technical and Legal Requirements for Packaging Materials
5.3.2 Composites of TPS with Fillers
5.3.3 Composites of Thermoplastic Starch with Polysaccharides
5.3.4 Composites of Thermoplastic Starch with Polyesters
5.3.5 Composite of TPS Based on Chemical Modification
5.3.6 Commercial Packaging Materials Based on Thermoplastic Starch
5.4 Conclusions
6 Cutin-Inspired Polymers and Plant Cuticle-like Composites as Sustainable Food Packaging Materials
Susana Guzmán-Puyol, Antonio Heredia, José A. Heredia-Guerrero, and José J. Benítez
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Bioplastics as Realistic Alternatives to Petroleum-Based Plastics
6.1.2 The Plant Cuticle and Cutin: The Natural Food Packaging of the Plant Kingdom
6.1.3 A Comparison of Cutin with Commercial Plastics and Bioplastics
6.1.4 Tomato Pomace is the Main and Most Sustainable Cutin Renewable Resource
6.1.5 Toward a Sustainable Industrial Production of Cutin-Inspired ommodities
6.2 Synthesis of Cutin-Inspired Polyesters
6.2.1 The Influence of the Monomer Architecture in the Physical and Chemical Properties of Cutin-Inspired Polyhydroxyesters
6.2.2 The Effect of Oxidation in the Structure and Properties of Cutin-Inspired Fatty Polyhydroxyesters
6.2.3 Surface vs. Bulk Properties
6.3 Cutin-Based and Cutin-like Coatings and Composites
6.3.1 Cutin-Inspired Coatings on Metal Substrates
6.3.2 Plant Cuticle-like Film Composites
6.4 Concluding Remarks
7 Zein in Food Packaging
Ilker S. Bayer
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Solvent Cast Zein Films
7.3 Chemical Characteristics of Solvent-Cast Zein Films
7.4 Extrusion of Zein
7.5 Zein Laminates with Various Packaging Films
7.6 Zein Blend Films with Other Biopolymers
7.7 Outlook and Future Directions
7.8 Conclusions
Part III Biocomposites of Cellulose and Biopolymers in Food Packaging
8 Cellulose-Reinforced Biocomposites Based on PHB and PHBV for Food Packaging Applications
Estefania L. Sanchez-Safont, Luis Cabedo, and Jose Gamez-Perez
8.1 Introduction to Bioplastics
8.2 PHB and PHBV: a SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threat) Analysis
8.2.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA): Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) and Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate (PHBV)
8.2.2 PHB and PHBV: Strengths
8.2.3 PHB and PHBV: Weaknesses
8.2.4 PHB and PHBV: Opportunities
8.2.5 PHB and PHBV: Threats
8.3 Cellulose Biocomposites
8.3.1 Structure, Composition, and General Properties of Lignocellulosic fibers
8.3.2 Lignocellulosic Fibers in Polymer Composites
8.3.2.1 Fiber Modification
8.3.2.2 Fiber-matrix Chemical Anchor
8.4 PHA/Fiber Composites
8.4.1 PHB and PHBV/Cellulose Composites: Achievements and Limitations
8.4.2 New Trends in PHB and PHBV/Cellulose-Reinforced Biocomposites
8.4.3 The Potential Use of PHA-Based Composites in the Food Packaging Sector
8.5 Conclusions
9 Poly-Paper: Cellulosic-Filled Eco-composite Material with Innovative Properties for Packaging
Romina Santi, Silvia Farè, Alberto Cigada, and Barbara Del Curto
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Materials
9.2.1 Matrix
9.2.2 Reinforcement
9.2.3 Composite Formulations
9.2.4 Extrusion Process
9.3 Mechanical Properties
9.4 Suitable Processes for Poly-Paper
9.4.1 Injection Molding
9.4.2 Thermoforming
9.4.3 Poly-Paper Expansion
9.5 Additional Properties of Poly-Paper
9.5.1 Shape Memory Forming
9.5.2 Self-Healing by Water
9.6 End-of-Life
9.7 Conclusions
10 Paper and Cardboard Reinforcement by Impregnation with Environmentally Friendly High Performance Polymers for Food Packaging Applications
Uttam C. Paul and José A. Heredia-Guerrero
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Improving the Barrier Properties of Paper and Cardboard by Impregnation in Capstone and ECA Solutions
10.2.1 Preparation of the Samples
10.2.2 Morphological Characterization
10.2.3 Chemical Characterization
10.2.4 Barrier Properties, Wettability, and Water Uptake
10.2.5 Mechanical Characterization
10.3 Water, Oil and Grease Resistance of Biocompatible Cellulose Food Containers
10.3.1 Preparation of the Samples
10.3.2 Morphological Analysis
10.3.3 Water and Oil Resistance Properties
10.3.4 Mechanical, Grease Resistance, and Barrier Properties of Treated Paper
10.4 Conclusions
11 Nanocellulose-Based Multidimensional Structures for Food Packaging Technology
Saumya Chaturvedi, Sadaf Afrin, Mohd S. Ansari, and Zoheb Karim
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Necessities in Food Packaging Industry
11.3 An Overview of NC
11.4 Cellulose Fibrils and Crystalline Cellulose
11.5 Why NC for Packaging?
11.6 Effect on NCs on Networking
11.7 Migration Process of Molecules Through NC Dimensional Film
11.8 Processing Routes of NC-based Multidimensional Structures for Packaging
11.9 CNFs for Barrier Application
11.10 CNCs for Barrier Application
11.11 Conclusion
Part IV Natural Principles in Active and Intelligent Food Packaging for Enhanced Protection and Indication of Food Spoilange or Pollutant Presence
12 Sustainable Antimicrobial Packaging Technologies
Selçuk Yildirim and Bettina Röcker
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Antimicrobial Food Packaging
12.3 Natural Antimicrobial Agents
12.3.1 Plant Extracts
12.3.2 Organic Acids, Their Salts and Anhydrides
12.3.3 Bacteriocins
12.3.4 Enzymes
12.3.5 Chitosan
12.4 Conclusions and Perspectives
13 Active Antioxidant Additives in Sustainable Food Packaging
Thi-Nga Tran
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Antioxidant Capacities of Plant-Based Food Packaging Materials
13.2.1 Antioxidant Natural Extracts in Food Packaging
13.2.2 Antioxidant Raw Materials Derived from Food Wastes and Agro-Industry by-Products
13.3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
14 Natural and Biocompatible Optical Indicators for Food Spoilage Detection
Maria E. Genovese, Jasim Zia, and Despina Fragouli
14.1 Food Spoilage
14.1.1 Food Spoilage: A Never-ending Challenge
14.1.2 Microbial Spoilage
14.1.3 Physical and Chemical Spoilage
14.1.4 Factors Determining Food Spoilage
14.2 Food Spoilage Detection
14.2.1 Conventional Methods and Technologies for the Detection of Food Spoilage
14.2.2 On Package and on Site Sensing Technologies: A New Strategy for Food Spoilage Detection
14.3 Natural and Biocompatible Optical Indicators for Food Spoilage
14.3.1 Optical and Colorimetric Detection
14.3.2 Natural and Biocompatible Indicators
14.3.3 Detection of pH, Acids, and Amines
14.3.4 Detection of Oxygen
14.3.5 Detection of Carbon Dioxide
14.3.6 Detection of Bacteria
14.4 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives
Part V Technological Developments in the Engineering of Biocomposite Materials for Food Packaging Applications
15 Biopolymers in Multilayer Films for Long-Lasting Protective Food Packaging: A Review
Ilker S. Bayer
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Biopolymer Coatings and Laminates on Common Oil-Derived Packaging Polymers
15.3 Multilayer Films Based on Proteins
15.4 Multilayer Films Based on Polysaccharides
15.5 Coatings on Biopolyesters
15.6 Summary and Outlook
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