| Titre : | Confectionery science and technology | | Type de document : | texte imprimé | | Auteurs : | Richard W. Hartel ; Joachim H. von Elbe ; Randy Hofberger | | Editeur : | Cham [Switzerland] : Springer International Publishing AG | | Année de publication : | 2018 | | Importance : | 1 vol. (XXI - 536 p.) | | Présentation : | ill. en noir et en coul., couv. ill. en coul. | | Format : | 26 cm | | ISBN/ISSN/EAN : | 978-3-319-61740-4 | | Note générale : | Bibliogr. Index. Annexes | | Langues : | Anglais (eng) | | Catégories : | Thésaurus Agro-alimentaire
AGAR ; PECTINE ; REGLISSE ; CARAMEL ; MONO DISACCHARIDE ; CARRAGHENATE ; ALGINATE ; SOLUBILITE ; VISCOSITE ; SIROP DE GLUCOSE ; SUCRE INVERTI ; PRODUIT DE CONFISERIE ; GOMME NATURELLE
Liste Plan de classement
18.4 (CONFISERIE-CHOCOLATERIE) [Classement Massy]
RAMEAU
Aliments -- Activité de l'eau ; Aliments -- Couleur ; Aliments -- Saveur et odeur ; Aliments -- Teneur en eau ; Amidon de pomme de terre ; Antioxydants ; Cacao ; Chocolat ; Confiserie ; Corps gras ; Corps gras comestibles ; Cristallisation ; Eau ; Édulcorants ; Emulsifiants ; Fruits ; Gelées (confiserie) ; Noisettes ; Oses ; Polysaccharides ; Protéines ; Sucre ; Glucose ; Miel ; Colorants dans les aliments ; Aromatisants ; Fruits déshydratés
| | Résumé : | This book examines both the primary ingredients and the processing technology for making candies. In the first section, the chemistry, structure, and physical properties of the primary ingredients are described, as are the characteristics of commercial ingredients. The second section explores the processing steps for each of the major sugar confectionery groups, while the third section covers chocolate and coatings. The manner in which ingredients function together to provide the desired texture and sensory properties of the product is analyzed, and chemical reactions and physical changes that occur during processing are examined. Trouble shooting and common problems are also discussed in each section.
Designed as a complete reference and guide, Confectionery Science and Technology provides personnel in industry with solutions to the problems concerning the manufacture of high-quality confectionery products. | | Type de document : | Livre | | Table des matières : | Part I Ingredient Chemistry and Functionality
1 Chemistry of Bulk Sweeteners
1.1 Monosaccharides
1.1.1 Glucose/Dextrose
1.1.2 Fructose
1.1.3 Galactose
1.2 Disaccharides
1.2.1 Sucrose
1.2.2 Maltose
1.2.3 Lactose
1.3 Invert Sugar
1.3.1 Acid Hydrolysis
1.3.2 Enzyme Hydrolysis
1.4 Sugar Reactions
1.4.1 Hydrogen Bonding
1.4.2 Reducing Sugars and Mutarotation
1.4.3 Browning Reactions
1.5 Glucose (Corn) Syrup
1.5.1 Glucose Syrup Specifications
1.5.2 Production of Glucose Syrups
1.5.3 Composition
1.5.4 Properties
1.6 Polysaccharides
1.6.1 Maltodextrin
1.6.2 Polydextrose
1.6.3 Inulin
1.7 Other Natural Sweeteners
1.7.1 Honey
1.7.2 Maple Syrup
1.7.3 Molasses
1.7.4 Malt Extract
1.8 Alternative Sweeteners
1.8.1 Sugar Alcohols
1.8.2 Monosaccharide Alcohols
1.8.3 Disaccharide Alcohols
1.8.4 Hydrogenated Starch Hydrolysate (HSH) and Maltitol Syrups
1.9 High Intensity Sweeteners
1.9.1 Sucralose
1.9.2 Aspartame
1.9.3 Acesulfame-Potassium
1.9.4 Alitame
1.9.5 Thaumatin or Talin
1.9.6 Neotame
1.9.7 Stevia
1.9.8 Luo Han Guo (Monk Fruit) Concentrates
2 Physico-chemical Properties of Sweeteners in Confections
2.1 Sweetness
2.2 Viscosity
2.3 Heat of Solution
2.4 Specific Optical Rotation
2.5 Refractive Index
2.6 Density/Specific Gravity
2.7 Boiling Point Elevation
2.8 Solubility
2.8.1 Solubility of Sugars
2.8.2 Solubility of Polyols
2.8.3 Solubility in Mixed Confectionery Syrups
2.9 Glass Transition Temperature
2.10 Crystallization Propensity
2.10.1 Generating Supersaturation
2.10.2 Crystallization
2.10.3 Seeding
2.11 State of Sugars in Confections
2.11.1 Crystal or Glass
2.11.2 Cotton Candy
3 Water
3.1 Properties of Water Important in Confections
3.1.1 Water Hardness: Dissolved Minerals
3.1.2 Metals
3.1.3 pH
3.1.4 Microbial Content
3.2 Water Content in Confections
3.2.1 Cook Temperature and Water Content
3.2.2 Measuring Water Content
3.3 Water Activity and Equilibrium Relative Humidity (ERH)
3.3.1 Measurement of Water Activity
3.3.2 Prediction of Water Activity
3.3.3 Water Activity and Microbial Stability
3.4 Moisture Absorption or Desorption Profiles
3.4.1 Measuring Absorption or Desorption Curves
3.4.2 Temperature Effects
3.5 Moisture Migration and Shelf Life
3.5.1 Moisture Migration
3.5.2 Shelf Life
4 Fats, Oils and Emulsifiers
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Chemistry of Fats and Oils
4.2.1 Chemical Structures
4.2.2 Chemical Properties
4.2.3 Lipid Oxidation
4.3 Physical Properties
4.3.1 Polymorphism
4.3.2 Phase Behavior
4.4 Crystallization of Fats
4.4.1 Nucleation
4.4.2 Growth
4.4.3 Polymorphic Transition
4.5 Modification Technologies
4.5.1 Hydrogenation
4.5.2 Fractionation
4.5.3 Interesterification
4.6 Emulsifiers
4.6.1 Use of Emulsifiers in Confections
4.6.2 Emulsifier Types and Characterization
5 Starches, Proteins, Pectin and Gums
5.1 Starch
5.1.1 Description, Size and Chape
5.1.2 Separation of Starches
5.1.3 Property of Starches
5.1.4 Modified Starches
5.2 Proteins
5.2.1 Protein Chemistry
5.2.2 Functional Properties
5.2.3 Proteins Used in Confections
5.3 Pectin
5.3.1 Pectin Chemistry
5.3.2 Testing Pectins
5.4 Gums
5.4.1 Agar: Agar
5.4.2 Alginates
5.4.3 Carrageenan (Irish Moss)
5.4.4 Gum Arabic
5.4.5 Gum Tragacanth
5.4.6 Guar Gum
6 Other Ingredients
6.1 Colors
6.1.1 Regulatory Aspects
6.1.2 Properties of Certified Dyes
6.1.3 Colors Exempt from Certification
6.2 Flavor and Flavoring Materials
6.2.1 Sources of Flavors
6.2.2 Flavor Balance
6.2.3 Flavor Sensation
6.2.4 Flavoring Materials
6.2.5 Storage of Flavoring Materials
6.3 Acids in Candies
6.3.1 Acids Used as Acidulants
6.3.2 Sourness
6.3.3 Buffer Salts
6.4 Antioxidants
6.4.1 Mechanism of Oxidative Rancidity
6.4.2 Action of Antioxidants
6.5 Glazes and Waxes
6.5.1 Glazes or Lacquers
6.5.2 Waxes
6.6 Fruit and Fruit Products
6.6.1 Composition of Fruits
6.6.2 Jams, Preserves and Purèes
6.6.3 Candied and Preserved Fruits
6.6.4 Dried Fruits
6.7 Nuts
6.7.1 Composition
6.7.2 Varieties of Nuts
6.7.3 Summary
Part II Sugar-Based Confections
7 Compressed Tablets and Lozenges
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Formulations and Ingredients
7.2.1 Base
7.2.2 Binder
7.2.3 Lubricant
7.2.4 Disintegrant
7.2.5 Acids
7.2.6 Flavors
7.2.7 Colors
7.2.8 Actives
7.3 Processing
7.3.1 Lozenges/Wafers
7.3.2 Tablets
7.4 Product Characteristics
7.4.1 Microstructure
7.4.2 Porosity and Density
7.4.3 Mechanical Properties
7.4.4 Stability
7.5 Problems and Trouble Shooting
7.5.1 Pitting
7.5.2 Capping
7.5.3 Scoring
7.5.4 Variations in Size or Shape
8 Hard Candy
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Formulations and Ingredients
8.2.1 Sweeteners
8.2.2 Flavors
8.2.3 Colors
8.2.4 Organic Acids
8.2.5 Fats
8.2.6 Fruit Juice
8.2.7 Dairy Ingredients
8.3 Processing
8.3.1 Typical Process Steps
8.3.2 Other Hard Candy Technologies
8.3.3 Rework
8.4 Product Characteristics
8.4.1 Chemical Changes
8.4.2 Microstructure
8.4.3 Stability/Shelf Life
8.5 Trouble Shooting
8.5.1 Appearance
8.5.2 Eating Quality
9 Fondants and Creams
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Formulations and Ingredients
9.2.1 Crystalline Sweetener
9.2.2 Doctoring Agent/Crystallization Control Additive
9.2.3 Humectants, Texture and Shelf Life Enhancers
9.2.4 Flavors
9.2.5 Colors
9.2.6 Frappé
9.2.7 Fats
9.2.8 Preservatives
9.2.9 Invertase
9.3 Manufacturing
9.3.1 Fondant
9.3.2 Powdered Fondant
9.3.3 Creams
9.4 Product Characteristics
9.4.1 Microstructure and Product Properties
9.4.2 Invertase
9.4.3 Stability and Shelf Life of Fondants and Creams
9.Potential Problems and Trouble Shooting
9.5.1 Hard Fondant or Cream
9.5.2 Soft Fondant/Cream
9.5.3 Sticky Fondant/Cream
9.5.4 Coarse Fondant/Cream
9.5.5 White Surface Discoloration
Appendix A.9.1 Calculation of Crystalline and Liquid Phases of Fondant
10 Caramel, Fudge and Toffee
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Formulations and Ingredients
10.2.1 Sweeteners
10.2.2 Dairy Ingredients
10.2.3 Fats
10.2.4 Emulsifiers
10.2.5 Hydrocolloids
10.2.6 Salts
10.2.7 Added Flavors
10.2.8 Added Colors
10.2.9 Inclusions
10.3 Processing
10.3.1 Mixing and Emulsification
10.3.2 Cooking and Browning
10.3.3 Cooling and Forming
10.4 Product Characteristics
10.4.1 Color and Flavor Generation
10.4.2 Microstructure
10.4.3 Shelf Life
10.5 Troubleshooting
10.5.1 Cold Flow
10.5.2 Stickiness
10.5.3 Hardness
10.5.4 Oil Separation
10.5.5 Sugar Graining
10.5.6 Protein Graining
11 Aerated Confections
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Aerated Confections
11.2 Formulations and Ingredients
11.2.1 Air
11.2.2 Sweeteners
11.2.3 Stabilizers
11.2.4 Humectants
11.2.5 Fats
11.2.6 Emulsifiers
11.2.7 Texture Modifiers
11.2.8 Fruit Juice
11.2.9 Organic Acids
11.2.10 Flavors
11.2.11 Colors
11.2.12 Gelation Aids
11.2.13 Active Ingredients
11.2.14 Inclusions
11.3 Processing
11.3.1 Dissolving and Cooking
11.3.2 Stabilizer Addition
11.3.3 Cooling
11.3.4 Aeration
11.3.5 Final Ingredient Addition
11.3.6 Cooling and Forming
11.4 Product Characteristics
11.4.1 Microstructure
11.4.2 Physical Properties
11.4.3 Shelf Life
11.5 Troubleshooting
11.5.1 Improper Density
11.5.2 Product Too Hard or Rubbery
11.5.3Product Too Sticky
11.5.4 Graining During Storage
11.5.5 Mold Growth
11.5.6 Weeping
11.5.7 Shrinkage
11.5.8 Problems in Starch Deposited Marshmallows
11.5.9 Cold Flow
12 Jellies, Gummies and Licorices
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Formulations and Ingredients
12.2.1 Sweeteners
12.2.2 Stabilizers or Hydrocolloids
12.2.3 Organic Acids
12.2.4 Flavors
12.2.5 Colors
12.2.6 Others
12.3 Processing
12.3.1 Gummies and Jellies
12.3.2 Licorice
12.4 Product Characteristics
12.4.1 Microstructure
12.4.2 Flavor Release
12.4.3 Shelf Life
12.5 Troubleshooting
12.5.1 Gummies and Jellies
12.5.2 Flour-Based Candy (Licorice and Fruit Twists)
12.5.3 Problems with the Starch Mogul
13 Sugar and Sugar-Free Panned Confections
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Formulations and Ingredients
13.2.1 Centers
13.2.2 Pre-coat Material
13.2.3 Sugar Shell
13.2.4 Colors
13.2.5 Flavors
13.2.6 Acids
13.2.7 Polish and Glaze
13.3 Processing
13.3.1 Sugar Shell Application
13.3.2 Polishing and Glazing
13.3.3 Special Decorations
13.3.4 Multicomponent Layering
13.4 Product Characteristics
13.4.1 Microstructure of Panned Sugar Shells
13.4.2 Moisture Migration
13.4.3 Shelf Life
13.5 Troubleshooting
13.5.1 Soft-Panned Candies
13.5.2 Hard-Panned Candies
13.5.3 Polishing and Glazing
14 Chewing and Bubble Gum
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Formulations and Ingredients
14.2.1 Gum Base
14.2.2 Sweeteners
14.2.3 Acid
14.2.4 Humectants/Softeners
14.2.5 Flavors
14.2.6 Colors
14.2.7 High-Intensity Sweeteners
14.2.8 Active Ingredients
14.3 Gum Manufacture
14.3.1 Mixing
14.3.2 Forming
14.4 Product Characteristics
14.4.1 Gum Microstructure and Physical Properties
14.4.2 Flavor Release
14.4.3 Shelf Life
14.5 Troubleshooting
14.5.1 Imperfect Shape
14.5.2 Gritty Texture
14.5.3 Gum Too Hard or Too Soft
14.5.4 Cud Too Small or Large
14.5.5 Poor Bubble Blowing Capability
14.5.6 Poor Flavor Release/Retention
14.5.7 Loses Color/Fades
14.5.8 Sweating Gum
14.5.9 Sticky Gum
Part III Chocolate and Compound Coatings
15 Chocolate
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Cocoa Bean Production
15.2.1 Fermentation
15.2.2 Drying
15.3 Cocoa Bean Composition and Quality Aspects
15.4 Chocolate Processing
15.4.1 Cleaning and Sorting
15.4.2 Winnowing
15.4.3 Alkalization (Dutching)
15.4.4 Roasting
15.4.5 Nib Grinding
15.4.6 Cocoa Butter and Cocoa Powder Production
15.4.7 Milk Processing for Chocolate
15.4.8 Mixing and Refining of Chocolate Mass
15.4.9 Conching
15.5 Tempering
15.5.1 Tempering Methods
15.5.2 Tempermeters
15.6 Forming
15.6.1 Depositing/Molding
15.6.2 Enrobing
15.6.3 Cold Forming Shell Technology
15.6.4 Extrusion Forming
15.6.5 Aeration
15.6.6 Panning
15.7 Cooling Tunnels
15.8 Chocolate Characteristics
15.8.1 Flavor
15.8.2 Polyphenols and Flavanols in Cocoa and Chocolate
15.8.3 Chocolate Rheology
15.8.4 Melting Profile
15.8.5 Crystallization, Polymorphism and Tempering
15.9 Chocolate Stability and Shelf Life
15.9.1 Sugar Bloom
15.9.2 Bloom on Untempered Chocolate
15.9.3 Bloom on Undertempered Chocolate
15.9.4 Storage Bloom on Tempered Chocolate
15.9.5 Lipid Migration and Fat Bloom
15.9.6 Off Flavors
15.9.7 Oxidative Deterioration
15.10 Rework of Chocolate and Chocolate Confections
15.10.1 Reworking Chocolate
15.10.2 Reworking Chocolate Confections
16 Compound Coatings
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Formulations and Ingredients
16.2.1 Ingredients
16.2.2 Coating Formulations
16.3 Manufacturing
16.4 Applications
16.5 Compound Coating Characteristics
16.5.1 Melting Profile and Fat Modification
16.5.2 Phase Behavior
16.5.3 Viscosity and Flow Properties
16.6 Shelf Life
16.6.1 Sugar Bloom
16.6.2 Storage Bloom
16.6.3 Moisture Uptake
16.6.4 Rancidity
16.6.5 Off-Flavors
17 Chocolate Panning
17.1 Panning Operations
17.1.1 Centers
17.1.2 Chocolates and Coatings
17.1.3 Pre-coating
17.1.4 Chocolate Coating Application
17.2 Pan Types
17.3 Finishing
17.3.1 Polishing Glaze Coat
17.3.2 Glaze Coat
17.3.3 Hard Sugar Shell
17.3.4 Powdered Finishes
17.4 Storage and Handling
17.5 Trouble Shooting
17.5.1 Incomplete Coverage
17.5.2 Poor Coverage
17.5.3 Bumpy/Rough Surface
17.5.4 Chocolate Not Sticking/Peeling
17.5.5 Doubles
17.5.6 Crushed Centers
17.5.7 Bloomed Pieces | | Permalien de la notice : | https://infodoc.agroparistech.fr/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=195331 |
Confectionery science and technology [texte imprimé] / Richard W. Hartel ; Joachim H. von Elbe ; Randy Hofberger . - Cham (Switzerland) : Springer International Publishing AG, 2018 . - 1 vol. (XXI - 536 p.) : ill. en noir et en coul., couv. ill. en coul. ; 26 cm. ISBN : 978-3-319-61740-4 Bibliogr. Index. Annexes Langues : Anglais ( eng) | Catégories : | Thésaurus Agro-alimentaire
AGAR ; PECTINE ; REGLISSE ; CARAMEL ; MONO DISACCHARIDE ; CARRAGHENATE ; ALGINATE ; SOLUBILITE ; VISCOSITE ; SIROP DE GLUCOSE ; SUCRE INVERTI ; PRODUIT DE CONFISERIE ; GOMME NATURELLE
Liste Plan de classement
18.4 (CONFISERIE-CHOCOLATERIE) [Classement Massy]
RAMEAU
Aliments -- Activité de l'eau ; Aliments -- Couleur ; Aliments -- Saveur et odeur ; Aliments -- Teneur en eau ; Amidon de pomme de terre ; Antioxydants ; Cacao ; Chocolat ; Confiserie ; Corps gras ; Corps gras comestibles ; Cristallisation ; Eau ; Édulcorants ; Emulsifiants ; Fruits ; Gelées (confiserie) ; Noisettes ; Oses ; Polysaccharides ; Protéines ; Sucre ; Glucose ; Miel ; Colorants dans les aliments ; Aromatisants ; Fruits déshydratés
| | Résumé : | This book examines both the primary ingredients and the processing technology for making candies. In the first section, the chemistry, structure, and physical properties of the primary ingredients are described, as are the characteristics of commercial ingredients. The second section explores the processing steps for each of the major sugar confectionery groups, while the third section covers chocolate and coatings. The manner in which ingredients function together to provide the desired texture and sensory properties of the product is analyzed, and chemical reactions and physical changes that occur during processing are examined. Trouble shooting and common problems are also discussed in each section.
Designed as a complete reference and guide, Confectionery Science and Technology provides personnel in industry with solutions to the problems concerning the manufacture of high-quality confectionery products. | | Type de document : | Livre | | Table des matières : | Part I Ingredient Chemistry and Functionality
1 Chemistry of Bulk Sweeteners
1.1 Monosaccharides
1.1.1 Glucose/Dextrose
1.1.2 Fructose
1.1.3 Galactose
1.2 Disaccharides
1.2.1 Sucrose
1.2.2 Maltose
1.2.3 Lactose
1.3 Invert Sugar
1.3.1 Acid Hydrolysis
1.3.2 Enzyme Hydrolysis
1.4 Sugar Reactions
1.4.1 Hydrogen Bonding
1.4.2 Reducing Sugars and Mutarotation
1.4.3 Browning Reactions
1.5 Glucose (Corn) Syrup
1.5.1 Glucose Syrup Specifications
1.5.2 Production of Glucose Syrups
1.5.3 Composition
1.5.4 Properties
1.6 Polysaccharides
1.6.1 Maltodextrin
1.6.2 Polydextrose
1.6.3 Inulin
1.7 Other Natural Sweeteners
1.7.1 Honey
1.7.2 Maple Syrup
1.7.3 Molasses
1.7.4 Malt Extract
1.8 Alternative Sweeteners
1.8.1 Sugar Alcohols
1.8.2 Monosaccharide Alcohols
1.8.3 Disaccharide Alcohols
1.8.4 Hydrogenated Starch Hydrolysate (HSH) and Maltitol Syrups
1.9 High Intensity Sweeteners
1.9.1 Sucralose
1.9.2 Aspartame
1.9.3 Acesulfame-Potassium
1.9.4 Alitame
1.9.5 Thaumatin or Talin
1.9.6 Neotame
1.9.7 Stevia
1.9.8 Luo Han Guo (Monk Fruit) Concentrates
2 Physico-chemical Properties of Sweeteners in Confections
2.1 Sweetness
2.2 Viscosity
2.3 Heat of Solution
2.4 Specific Optical Rotation
2.5 Refractive Index
2.6 Density/Specific Gravity
2.7 Boiling Point Elevation
2.8 Solubility
2.8.1 Solubility of Sugars
2.8.2 Solubility of Polyols
2.8.3 Solubility in Mixed Confectionery Syrups
2.9 Glass Transition Temperature
2.10 Crystallization Propensity
2.10.1 Generating Supersaturation
2.10.2 Crystallization
2.10.3 Seeding
2.11 State of Sugars in Confections
2.11.1 Crystal or Glass
2.11.2 Cotton Candy
3 Water
3.1 Properties of Water Important in Confections
3.1.1 Water Hardness: Dissolved Minerals
3.1.2 Metals
3.1.3 pH
3.1.4 Microbial Content
3.2 Water Content in Confections
3.2.1 Cook Temperature and Water Content
3.2.2 Measuring Water Content
3.3 Water Activity and Equilibrium Relative Humidity (ERH)
3.3.1 Measurement of Water Activity
3.3.2 Prediction of Water Activity
3.3.3 Water Activity and Microbial Stability
3.4 Moisture Absorption or Desorption Profiles
3.4.1 Measuring Absorption or Desorption Curves
3.4.2 Temperature Effects
3.5 Moisture Migration and Shelf Life
3.5.1 Moisture Migration
3.5.2 Shelf Life
4 Fats, Oils and Emulsifiers
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Chemistry of Fats and Oils
4.2.1 Chemical Structures
4.2.2 Chemical Properties
4.2.3 Lipid Oxidation
4.3 Physical Properties
4.3.1 Polymorphism
4.3.2 Phase Behavior
4.4 Crystallization of Fats
4.4.1 Nucleation
4.4.2 Growth
4.4.3 Polymorphic Transition
4.5 Modification Technologies
4.5.1 Hydrogenation
4.5.2 Fractionation
4.5.3 Interesterification
4.6 Emulsifiers
4.6.1 Use of Emulsifiers in Confections
4.6.2 Emulsifier Types and Characterization
5 Starches, Proteins, Pectin and Gums
5.1 Starch
5.1.1 Description, Size and Chape
5.1.2 Separation of Starches
5.1.3 Property of Starches
5.1.4 Modified Starches
5.2 Proteins
5.2.1 Protein Chemistry
5.2.2 Functional Properties
5.2.3 Proteins Used in Confections
5.3 Pectin
5.3.1 Pectin Chemistry
5.3.2 Testing Pectins
5.4 Gums
5.4.1 Agar: Agar
5.4.2 Alginates
5.4.3 Carrageenan (Irish Moss)
5.4.4 Gum Arabic
5.4.5 Gum Tragacanth
5.4.6 Guar Gum
6 Other Ingredients
6.1 Colors
6.1.1 Regulatory Aspects
6.1.2 Properties of Certified Dyes
6.1.3 Colors Exempt from Certification
6.2 Flavor and Flavoring Materials
6.2.1 Sources of Flavors
6.2.2 Flavor Balance
6.2.3 Flavor Sensation
6.2.4 Flavoring Materials
6.2.5 Storage of Flavoring Materials
6.3 Acids in Candies
6.3.1 Acids Used as Acidulants
6.3.2 Sourness
6.3.3 Buffer Salts
6.4 Antioxidants
6.4.1 Mechanism of Oxidative Rancidity
6.4.2 Action of Antioxidants
6.5 Glazes and Waxes
6.5.1 Glazes or Lacquers
6.5.2 Waxes
6.6 Fruit and Fruit Products
6.6.1 Composition of Fruits
6.6.2 Jams, Preserves and Purèes
6.6.3 Candied and Preserved Fruits
6.6.4 Dried Fruits
6.7 Nuts
6.7.1 Composition
6.7.2 Varieties of Nuts
6.7.3 Summary
Part II Sugar-Based Confections
7 Compressed Tablets and Lozenges
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Formulations and Ingredients
7.2.1 Base
7.2.2 Binder
7.2.3 Lubricant
7.2.4 Disintegrant
7.2.5 Acids
7.2.6 Flavors
7.2.7 Colors
7.2.8 Actives
7.3 Processing
7.3.1 Lozenges/Wafers
7.3.2 Tablets
7.4 Product Characteristics
7.4.1 Microstructure
7.4.2 Porosity and Density
7.4.3 Mechanical Properties
7.4.4 Stability
7.5 Problems and Trouble Shooting
7.5.1 Pitting
7.5.2 Capping
7.5.3 Scoring
7.5.4 Variations in Size or Shape
8 Hard Candy
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Formulations and Ingredients
8.2.1 Sweeteners
8.2.2 Flavors
8.2.3 Colors
8.2.4 Organic Acids
8.2.5 Fats
8.2.6 Fruit Juice
8.2.7 Dairy Ingredients
8.3 Processing
8.3.1 Typical Process Steps
8.3.2 Other Hard Candy Technologies
8.3.3 Rework
8.4 Product Characteristics
8.4.1 Chemical Changes
8.4.2 Microstructure
8.4.3 Stability/Shelf Life
8.5 Trouble Shooting
8.5.1 Appearance
8.5.2 Eating Quality
9 Fondants and Creams
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Formulations and Ingredients
9.2.1 Crystalline Sweetener
9.2.2 Doctoring Agent/Crystallization Control Additive
9.2.3 Humectants, Texture and Shelf Life Enhancers
9.2.4 Flavors
9.2.5 Colors
9.2.6 Frappé
9.2.7 Fats
9.2.8 Preservatives
9.2.9 Invertase
9.3 Manufacturing
9.3.1 Fondant
9.3.2 Powdered Fondant
9.3.3 Creams
9.4 Product Characteristics
9.4.1 Microstructure and Product Properties
9.4.2 Invertase
9.4.3 Stability and Shelf Life of Fondants and Creams
9.Potential Problems and Trouble Shooting
9.5.1 Hard Fondant or Cream
9.5.2 Soft Fondant/Cream
9.5.3 Sticky Fondant/Cream
9.5.4 Coarse Fondant/Cream
9.5.5 White Surface Discoloration
Appendix A.9.1 Calculation of Crystalline and Liquid Phases of Fondant
10 Caramel, Fudge and Toffee
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Formulations and Ingredients
10.2.1 Sweeteners
10.2.2 Dairy Ingredients
10.2.3 Fats
10.2.4 Emulsifiers
10.2.5 Hydrocolloids
10.2.6 Salts
10.2.7 Added Flavors
10.2.8 Added Colors
10.2.9 Inclusions
10.3 Processing
10.3.1 Mixing and Emulsification
10.3.2 Cooking and Browning
10.3.3 Cooling and Forming
10.4 Product Characteristics
10.4.1 Color and Flavor Generation
10.4.2 Microstructure
10.4.3 Shelf Life
10.5 Troubleshooting
10.5.1 Cold Flow
10.5.2 Stickiness
10.5.3 Hardness
10.5.4 Oil Separation
10.5.5 Sugar Graining
10.5.6 Protein Graining
11 Aerated Confections
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Aerated Confections
11.2 Formulations and Ingredients
11.2.1 Air
11.2.2 Sweeteners
11.2.3 Stabilizers
11.2.4 Humectants
11.2.5 Fats
11.2.6 Emulsifiers
11.2.7 Texture Modifiers
11.2.8 Fruit Juice
11.2.9 Organic Acids
11.2.10 Flavors
11.2.11 Colors
11.2.12 Gelation Aids
11.2.13 Active Ingredients
11.2.14 Inclusions
11.3 Processing
11.3.1 Dissolving and Cooking
11.3.2 Stabilizer Addition
11.3.3 Cooling
11.3.4 Aeration
11.3.5 Final Ingredient Addition
11.3.6 Cooling and Forming
11.4 Product Characteristics
11.4.1 Microstructure
11.4.2 Physical Properties
11.4.3 Shelf Life
11.5 Troubleshooting
11.5.1 Improper Density
11.5.2 Product Too Hard or Rubbery
11.5.3Product Too Sticky
11.5.4 Graining During Storage
11.5.5 Mold Growth
11.5.6 Weeping
11.5.7 Shrinkage
11.5.8 Problems in Starch Deposited Marshmallows
11.5.9 Cold Flow
12 Jellies, Gummies and Licorices
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Formulations and Ingredients
12.2.1 Sweeteners
12.2.2 Stabilizers or Hydrocolloids
12.2.3 Organic Acids
12.2.4 Flavors
12.2.5 Colors
12.2.6 Others
12.3 Processing
12.3.1 Gummies and Jellies
12.3.2 Licorice
12.4 Product Characteristics
12.4.1 Microstructure
12.4.2 Flavor Release
12.4.3 Shelf Life
12.5 Troubleshooting
12.5.1 Gummies and Jellies
12.5.2 Flour-Based Candy (Licorice and Fruit Twists)
12.5.3 Problems with the Starch Mogul
13 Sugar and Sugar-Free Panned Confections
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Formulations and Ingredients
13.2.1 Centers
13.2.2 Pre-coat Material
13.2.3 Sugar Shell
13.2.4 Colors
13.2.5 Flavors
13.2.6 Acids
13.2.7 Polish and Glaze
13.3 Processing
13.3.1 Sugar Shell Application
13.3.2 Polishing and Glazing
13.3.3 Special Decorations
13.3.4 Multicomponent Layering
13.4 Product Characteristics
13.4.1 Microstructure of Panned Sugar Shells
13.4.2 Moisture Migration
13.4.3 Shelf Life
13.5 Troubleshooting
13.5.1 Soft-Panned Candies
13.5.2 Hard-Panned Candies
13.5.3 Polishing and Glazing
14 Chewing and Bubble Gum
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Formulations and Ingredients
14.2.1 Gum Base
14.2.2 Sweeteners
14.2.3 Acid
14.2.4 Humectants/Softeners
14.2.5 Flavors
14.2.6 Colors
14.2.7 High-Intensity Sweeteners
14.2.8 Active Ingredients
14.3 Gum Manufacture
14.3.1 Mixing
14.3.2 Forming
14.4 Product Characteristics
14.4.1 Gum Microstructure and Physical Properties
14.4.2 Flavor Release
14.4.3 Shelf Life
14.5 Troubleshooting
14.5.1 Imperfect Shape
14.5.2 Gritty Texture
14.5.3 Gum Too Hard or Too Soft
14.5.4 Cud Too Small or Large
14.5.5 Poor Bubble Blowing Capability
14.5.6 Poor Flavor Release/Retention
14.5.7 Loses Color/Fades
14.5.8 Sweating Gum
14.5.9 Sticky Gum
Part III Chocolate and Compound Coatings
15 Chocolate
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Cocoa Bean Production
15.2.1 Fermentation
15.2.2 Drying
15.3 Cocoa Bean Composition and Quality Aspects
15.4 Chocolate Processing
15.4.1 Cleaning and Sorting
15.4.2 Winnowing
15.4.3 Alkalization (Dutching)
15.4.4 Roasting
15.4.5 Nib Grinding
15.4.6 Cocoa Butter and Cocoa Powder Production
15.4.7 Milk Processing for Chocolate
15.4.8 Mixing and Refining of Chocolate Mass
15.4.9 Conching
15.5 Tempering
15.5.1 Tempering Methods
15.5.2 Tempermeters
15.6 Forming
15.6.1 Depositing/Molding
15.6.2 Enrobing
15.6.3 Cold Forming Shell Technology
15.6.4 Extrusion Forming
15.6.5 Aeration
15.6.6 Panning
15.7 Cooling Tunnels
15.8 Chocolate Characteristics
15.8.1 Flavor
15.8.2 Polyphenols and Flavanols in Cocoa and Chocolate
15.8.3 Chocolate Rheology
15.8.4 Melting Profile
15.8.5 Crystallization, Polymorphism and Tempering
15.9 Chocolate Stability and Shelf Life
15.9.1 Sugar Bloom
15.9.2 Bloom on Untempered Chocolate
15.9.3 Bloom on Undertempered Chocolate
15.9.4 Storage Bloom on Tempered Chocolate
15.9.5 Lipid Migration and Fat Bloom
15.9.6 Off Flavors
15.9.7 Oxidative Deterioration
15.10 Rework of Chocolate and Chocolate Confections
15.10.1 Reworking Chocolate
15.10.2 Reworking Chocolate Confections
16 Compound Coatings
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Formulations and Ingredients
16.2.1 Ingredients
16.2.2 Coating Formulations
16.3 Manufacturing
16.4 Applications
16.5 Compound Coating Characteristics
16.5.1 Melting Profile and Fat Modification
16.5.2 Phase Behavior
16.5.3 Viscosity and Flow Properties
16.6 Shelf Life
16.6.1 Sugar Bloom
16.6.2 Storage Bloom
16.6.3 Moisture Uptake
16.6.4 Rancidity
16.6.5 Off-Flavors
17 Chocolate Panning
17.1 Panning Operations
17.1.1 Centers
17.1.2 Chocolates and Coatings
17.1.3 Pre-coating
17.1.4 Chocolate Coating Application
17.2 Pan Types
17.3 Finishing
17.3.1 Polishing Glaze Coat
17.3.2 Glaze Coat
17.3.3 Hard Sugar Shell
17.3.4 Powdered Finishes
17.4 Storage and Handling
17.5 Trouble Shooting
17.5.1 Incomplete Coverage
17.5.2 Poor Coverage
17.5.3 Bumpy/Rough Surface
17.5.4 Chocolate Not Sticking/Peeling
17.5.5 Doubles
17.5.6 Crushed Centers
17.5.7 Bloomed Pieces | | Permalien de la notice : | https://infodoc.agroparistech.fr/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=195331 |
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