Handbook of probiotics and prebiotics. Infodoc

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Titre :	Handbook of probiotics and prebiotics. Ajouter au panier
Auteur(s) :	Yuan Kun Lee, Éditeur scientifique Seppo Salminen, Éditeur scientifique
Type de document :	Livre
Sujets :	LACTOBACILLUS ; BIFIDOBACTERIE ; TAXONOMIE ; IDENTIFICATION ; PRODUIT ALIMENTAIRE ; REGLEMENTATION ; SELECTION ; GENETIQUE ; BIOLOGIE MOLECULAIRE ; SANTE ; MALADIE ; INTESTIN ; METABOLISME
Editeur(s) :	HOBOKEN : John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Date de publication :	2009
Mention d'édition :	2e éd.
Format :	596 p.
Note(s) :	Bibliographie Illustrations Index
Table des matières :	PART 1 PROBIOTICS 1 Probiotic Microorganisms 1.1 Definitions 1.2 Screening, Identification, and Characterization of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium Strains 1.2.1 Sources of Screening for Probiotic Strains 1.2.2 Identification, Classification, and Typing of Bifidobacterium Strains 1.2.2.1 Taxonomy 1.2.2.2 Identification and Typing 1.2.3 Identification, Classification, and Typing of Lactobacillus Strains 1.2.3.1 Taxonomy [...] PART 1 PROBIOTICS 1 Probiotic Microorganisms 1.1 Definitions 1.2 Screening, Identification, and Characterization of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium Strains 1.2.1 Sources of Screening for Probiotic Strains 1.2.2 Identification, Classification, and Typing of Bifidobacterium Strains 1.2.2.1 Taxonomy 1.2.2.2 Identification and Typing 1.2.3 Identification, Classification, and Typing of Lactobacillus Strains 1.2.3.1 Taxonomy 1.2.3.2 Identification and Typing 1.2.4 Characterization of Probiotic Properties in Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus Strains 1.2.4.1 Survival to GIT Stressing Conditions 1.2.4.2 Adhesion/Colonization to / of GIT 1.2.4.3 Antimicrobial Activity 1.2.4.4 Other Probiotic Properties 1.2.5 Conclusion 1.3 Detection and Enumeration of Gastrointestinal Microorganisms 1.3.1 Methods for Intestinal Microbiota Assessment 1.3.1.1 Culture- Dependent Methods 1.3.1.2 Culture-Independent Methods 1.3.2 Detection and Enumeration in Dairy Products 1.3.3 Detection and Enumeration of Specific Probiotics in the Gut 1.3.4 The Problem of the Viability and Physiological State of Intestinal Bacteria 1.3.5 Conclusions 1.4 Enteric Microbial Community Profiling in Gastrointestinal Tract by Terminal-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP) 1.4.1 T-RFLP 1.4.2 Universal and Group-Specific Primers 1.4.3 Fluorescent Dyes 1.4.4 DNA Extraction 1.4.5 PCR Amplification 1.4.6 Generation of Terminal Restriction Fragments (TRF) by Digestion of Amplicons with Restriction Enzymes 1.4.7 Software and Data Processing 1.4.8 Microbial Diversity in Different Intestinal Compartments of Pigs 1.4.9 Tracking the Fate of Orally Delivered Probiotics in Feces 1.4.10 Conclusion 1.5 Effective Dosage for Probiotic Effects 1.5.1 Acute (Rotavirus) Diarrhea in Children 1.5.2 Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea 1.5.2.1 Combination of L. acidophilus + bifidobacteria or Streptococcus thermophilus 1.5.2.2 L. rhamnosus GG or Saccharomyces boulardii Applied Singly 1.5.3 Helicobacter pyroli 1.6 Incorporating Probiotics into Foods 1.6.1 Probiotic Ingredients 1.6.2 Factors Affecting the Viability of Probiotics in Foods 1.6.2.1 Choice of Probiotic Organism/Food Combinations 1.6.2.2 Physiologic State of the Probiotic 1.6.2.3 Temperature 1.6.2.4 pH 1.6.2.5 Water Activity 1.6.2.6 Oxygen 1.6.2.7 Toxicity of Ingredients 1.6.2.8 Growth Factors, Protective, and Synergistic Ingredients 1.6.2.9 Freeze-Thawing 1.6.2.10 Sheer Forces 1.6.3 Synbiotics 1.6.4 Delivery Systems 1.6.4.1 Microencapsulation 1.6.4.2 Delivery Devices 1.6.5 Probiotic Foods 1.6.6 Conclusions 1.7 Safety of Probiotic Organisms 1.7.1 Current Proposals for Probiotic Safety 1.7.2 Taxonomic Identification 1. 7.3 Pathogenicity 1.7.4 Antibiotic Resistance and Susceptibility 1. 7.5 Immune Modulation 1.7.6 Clinical Studies 1.7.7 Postmarket Surveillance 1.7.8 GMO Probiotics 1.7.9 Conclusion 1.8 Legal Status and Regulatory Issues 1.8.1 Human Probiotics 1.8.1.1 Asia 1.8.1.2 Europe 1.8.1.3 The United States of America 1.8.2 Animal Probiotics 1.8.2.1 United States 1.8.2.2 European Union 1.8.2.3 China 1.8.2.4 Japan 1.8.2.5 Korea 1.8.2.6 Thailand 1.8.2.7 Australia 1.8.2.8 New Zealand 1.8.2.9 Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, and Vietnam References 2 Selection and Maintenance of Probiotic Microorganisms 2.1 Isolation of Probiotic Microorganisms 2.2 Selection of Probiotic Microorganisms 2.2.1 Manufacturing Criteria (General Criteria) 2.2.2 Shelf Life and Gut Transit (General Criteria) 2.2.2.1 Shelf Life of Viable Probiotics Under Different Storage Conditions 2.2.2.2 Tolerance to Digestive Juices 2.2.2.3 Adhesion and Colonization onto Specific Site of Body Surface 2.2.3 Health Properties (Specific Criteria) 2.2.4 Safety 2.2.5 Identification 2.3 Maintenance of Probiotic Microorganisms References 3 Genetic Modification of Probiotic Microorganisms 3.1 Mutants Obtained from Probiotic Microorganisms by Random Mutagenesis 3.2 Plasmids 3.3 Vectors for Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria 3.4 Genetic Recombination References 4 Role of Probiotics in HeaIth and Diseases 4.1 Cell Line Models in Research 4.2 Laboratory Animal Models in Research 4.3 Effects on Human Health and Diseases 4.3.1 Nutritional Effects 4.3.1.1 Lactose Maldigestion 4.3.1.2 Beta-Galactosidase in Fermented Milk Products 4.3.2 Prevention and Treatment of Oral Infection and Dental Caries 4.3.3 Prevention and Treatment of Diarrhea 4.3.3.1 Acute (Rotavirus) Diarrhea in Children 4.3.3.2 Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea 4.3.3.3 Clostridium difficile Associated Diarrhea 4.3.3.4 Radiation-Induced Diarrhea 4.3.3.5 Traveler's Diarrhea 4.3.3.6 Diarrhea in Tube-Fed Patients 4.3.4 Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome 4.3.5 Prevention and Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 4.3.6 Treatment of H. pylori Infection 4.3.7 Prevention of Postoperative Infections 4.3.8 Prevention and Treatment of Respiratory Tract Infections 4.3.9 Prevention and Treatment of Allergic Diseases 4.3.10 Antitumor Effects 4.3.11 Reduction of Serum Cholesterol 4.3.12 Enhancement of Vaccine Responses 4.4 Effects on Farm AnimaIs 4.4.1 Poultry 4.4.2 Swine 4.4.3 Ruminants 4.4.4 Rabbits 4.4.5 Pets References 5 Mechanisms of Probiotics 5.1 Adhesion to Intestinal Mucus and Epithelium by Probiotics 5.1.1 Adhesion to Gastrointestinal Epithelial Cell Lines 5.1.2 Adhesion to Intestinal Mucus 5.1.3 Colonization of Probiotics in Human Intestine as Assessed by Biopsies 5.1.4 Comparisons Between ln Vitro and ln Vivo Results 5.1.5 Adhesins 5.1.6 Factors Affecting the Adhesion Properties of Probiotics 5.1.7 Adhesive and Inhibitory Properties of Nonviable Probiotics 5.1.8 Role of Age and Diseases on Adhesion 5.2 Combined Probiotics and Pathogen Adhesion and Aggregation 5.2.1 Aggregation 5.2.2 Adhesion 5.2.3 Assay for Adhesion 5.2.4 Assay for Aggregation 5.2.5 Factors that Determine Adhesion 5.2.6 ln Vitro Models 5.2.7 Probiotics in Combination 5.2.8 Conclusion 5.3 Production of Antimicrobial Substances 5.3.1 Organic Acid 5.3.2 Hydrogen Peroxide 5.3.3 Carbon Dioxide 5.3.4 Bacteriocins 5.3.5 Low Molecular Weight Antimicrobial Compounds 5.3.6 Other Antimicrobial Agents 5.4 Immune Effects of Probiotic Bacteria 5.4.1 The Neonatal Intestinal Microbiota 5.4.2 The Importance of the Intestinal Microbiota in Immune Development 5.4.3 Interaction of Commensal and Pathogenic Bacteria with the Intestinal Immune System 5.4.4 Probiotic Effects on Immune Responses 5.4.5 Probiotic Effects on Epithelial Cells 5.4.6 Probiotic Effects on DCs 5.4.7 Probiotic Effects on Adaptive Immune Responses: T Helper Cells and T Regulatory Cells 5.4.8 Delivery of Probiotic Bacteria 5.4.9 The Specificity of Probiotic Effects 5.4.10 Summary 5.5 Alteration of Microecology in Human Intestine 5.5.1 Impact on Human Health: in Infants and the Elderly 5.5.1.1 Stepwise Establishment of Microbiota 5.5.1.2 Methodological Improvements in Microbiota Assessment 5.5.1.3 Microbiota After Infancy 5.5.1.4 Host-Microbe Cross Talk 5.5.1.5 Microbiota in the Eldery 5.5.1.6 Maintenance of Healthy Microbiota 5.5.1.7 Conclusion 5.5.2 Impact on Animal Health: Designer Probiotics for the Management of Intestinal Health and Colibacillosis in Weaner Pigs 5.5.2.1 The Farrowing Environment 5.5.2.2 The Weaning Environment 5.5.2.3 Colibacillosis in Pigs 5.5.2.4 Control of Colibacillosis 5.5.2.5 Mechanism of Action 5.5.2.6 Pathogenic and Commensal E. coli-the Concept of Gene Signatures 5.5.2.7 Mosaicism and Genome Plasticity in Porcine E. coli (Clone Gene Signatures) 5.5.2.8 Population Gene Signatures in Epidemiological Study 5.5.2.9 Designer Lactic Acid Bacteria as Probiotics 5.5.2.10 Population Gene Signatures as a Measure of Probiotic Bioefficacy 5.5.2.11 Creation of Enteric Microbial Communities for Sustainable Intestinal Health (Probiosis) References 6 Commercially Available Human Probiotic Microorganisms 6.1 Lactobacillus acidophilus, LA-5@ 6.1.1 Gastrointestinal Effects 6.1.1.1 Intestinal Microbial Balance 6.1.1.2 Diarrhea 6.1.1.3 Other Gastrointestinal Effects 6.1.2 Immunomodulatory Effects 6.1.2.1 Nonspecific Immune Responses 6.1.2.2 Specific Immune Responses 6.1.3 Other Health Effects 6.1.4 Safety 6.2 Lactobacillus acidophilus NCDO 1748 6.2.1 Origin and Safety 6.2.2 ln Vitro and Animal Studies 6.2.3 Human Studies 6.3 Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM@ 6.3.1 L. acidophilus NFCM Basic Properties 6.3.2 Survival of Intestinal Transit and Change in Intestinal Microbiota Composition and Activity 6.3.3 Lactose Intolerance 6.3.4 Relief of Intestinal Pain 6.3.5 Prevention of Common Respiratory Infections and Effects on Immunity 6.3.6 Application 6.3.7 Conclusion 6.4 Lactobacillus casei Shirota 6.4.1 Effects on Intestinal Environment 6.4.2 Adhesive Property 6.4.3 Intestinal Physiology 6.4.4 Immunomodulation 6.4.5 Effects on Cancer 6.4.6 Prevention of Infectious Diseases 6.4.7 Prevention of Life Style Diseases 6.4.8 Clinical Application 6.4.9 Safety Assessment 6.5 Lactobacillus gasseri OLL2716 (LG21) 6.5.1 Helicobacter pylori 6.5.2 Selection of a Probiotic for H. pylori Infection 6.5.3 Effects of LG21 on H. pyloriri Infection in Humans 6.5.4 Mechanisms of Therapeutic Effects of LG21 on H. pylori Infection 6.5.5 Conclusion 6.6 Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. paracasei, F19@ 6.6.1 Identification and Safety 6.6.2 ln Vitro Studies 6.6.3 Global Gene Expression 6.6.4 Human Studies 6.7 Lactobacillus paracasei ssp paracasei, L. casei 431@ 6.7.1 Adhesion and Survival Through the GI Tract 6.7.2 Gastrointestinal Effects 6.7.2.1 Intestinal Microbial Balance 6.7.2.2 Diarrhea 6.7.3 Immunomodulatory Effects 6.7.4 Other Health Effects 6.7.5 Safety 6.8 Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, LGG@ 6.8.1 Storage Stability 6.8.2 Gastrointestinal Persistence and Colonization 6.8.3 Health Benefits 6.8.4 Source of LGG@ 6.9 Lactobacillus rhamnosus, GR-1@ and Lactobacillus reuteri RC- 14@ 6.9.1 The Strains 6.9.2 ln Vitro Properties 6.9.3 Animal Safety, Toxicity, and Effectiveness Studies 6.9.4 Clinical Evidence 6.9.4.1 Safety, Effectiveness, and Efficacy 6.9.5 Summary 6.10 Lactobacillus rhamnosus HNOO 1 and Bifidobacterium lactis HNO19 6.10.1 Basic Properties of L. rhamnosus HNO01 and B. lactis HNO19 6.10.2 Survival During the Intestinal Transit and Modulation of the Intestinal Microbiota 6.10.3 Modulation of the Immune System 6.10.4 Reduction of Disease Risk 6.10.5 Application 6.10.6 Conclusions 6.11 LGG@Extra, A Multispecies Probiotic Combination 6.11.1 Strain Selection for the Combination 6.11.2 Adhesion and Gastrointestinal Survival 6.11.3 Health Benefits 6.11.4 Technological Characteristics 6.11.5 Source of LGG@Extra 6.12 Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis, BB-12@ 6.12.1 Adhesion and Survival Through the GI Tract 6.12.2 Gastrointestinal Effects 6.12.2.1 Intestinal Microbial Balance 6.12.2.2 Diarrheas 6.12.2.3 Gastrointestinal Health of Infants 6.12.2.4 Other Gastrointestinal Effects 6.12.3 Immunomodulatory Effects 6.12.3.1 Nonspecific Immune Responses 6.12.3.2 Specific Immune Responses 6.12.3.3 Other Immunomodulatory Effects 6.12.4 Other Health Effects 6.12.5 Safety 6.13 Bifidobacterium breve Strain Yakult 6.13.1 Effects on Intestinal Environment 6.13.2 Intestinal Physiology 6.13.3 Effects on Cancer 6.13.4 Prevention of Infectious Diseases 6.13.5 Prevention of Life Style Diseases 6.13.6 Clinical Application 6.14 Bifidobacterium longum BB536 6.14.1 Evaluation of Safety of BB536 6.14.2 Physiological Effects of BB536 6.14.2.1 Improvement of Intestinal Environment 6.14.2.2 Effects on Immunity and Cancer 6.14.2.3 Antiallergic Activity 6.14.3 Technologies in BB536 Applications 6.15 Bifidobacterium longum Strains BL46 and BL2C-Probiotics for Adults and Ageing Consumers 6.15.1 Safety of BL2C and BL46 6.15.2 The Health Effects of BL2C and BL46 6.15.2.1 BL2C and BL46 Stabilize the Gut Function in the Elderly 6.15.2.2 Modulation of Gut Microbiota by BL2C and BL46 6.15.2.3 BL46 is Effective Against Harmful Bacteria 6.15.2.4 Effects of BL2C and BL46 on the Immune System and Infections 6.15.2.5 BL2C and BL46 Can Bind Toxic Compounds 6.15.3 Technical Properties and Sensory Qualities of BL2C and BL46 6.15.4 Conclusions References PART II PREBIOTICS 7 Prebiotics 7.1 The Prebiotic Concept 7.2 A Brief History of Prebiotics 7.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Prebiotic Strategy 7.4 Types of Prebiotics 7.5 Production of Prebiotics 7.6 Prebiotic Mechanisms 7.7 Modulating the Intestinal Microbiota in Infants 7.7.1 Breast Milk 7.7.2 Infant Milk Formulas 7.8 Modulating the Intestinal Microbiota in Adults 7.8.1 Effects at the Genus Level 7.8.2 Effects at the Species Level 7.8.3 Altering the Physiology of the Microbiota 7.9 Modifying the Intestinal Microbiota in the Elderly 7.10 Health Effects and Applications of Prebiotics 7.10.1 Laxatives 7.10.2 Hepatic Encephalopathy 7.10.3 Primary Prevention of Allergy in Infants 7.10.4 Amelioration of Inflammatory Bowel Disease 7.10.5 Prevention of Infections 7.10.6 Mineral Absorption 7.10.7 Prevention of Colorectal Cancer 7.10.8 Reduction in Serum Lipid Concentrations 7.10.9 Use in Weight Management and Improving Insulin Sensitivity 7.11 Functional Foods for Animals 7.12 Safety of Prebiotics 7.13 Regulation of Prebiotics 7.14 Conclusion References AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX
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