Chapter I Introduction
Non-Covalent Interactions
van der Waals Forces
Polar, or Lewis Acid-Base (AB) Interactions
Electrostatic (EL) Interactions
Other Non-Covalent Forces
Brownian Movement (BR) Forces
General Bibliography
PART I Theory
Chapter II Lifshitz–van der Waals (LW) Interactions
van der Waals Forces
Macroscopic Approximation
The Lifshitz Approach
Interfacial Lifshitz–van der Waals Interac[...]
Chapter I Introduction
Non-Covalent Interactions
van der Waals Forces
Polar, or Lewis Acid-Base (AB) Interactions
Electrostatic (EL) Interactions
Other Non-Covalent Forces
Brownian Movement (BR) Forces
General Bibliography
PART I Theory
Chapter II Lifshitz–van der Waals (LW) Interactions
van der Waals Forces
Macroscopic Approximation
The Lifshitz Approach
Interfacial Lifshitz–van der Waals Interactions
Additivity of the Three Electrodynamic Contributions to the Surface Tension
Coda
Chapter III Relation Between the Hamaker Constant and the Apolar Surface Tension Component
Proportionality Factor A/γLW
Signifi cance of the Averaged Value
Applicability of Eq. [III-1] to A12, A121, A132
Coda
Chapter IV Polar or Lewis Acid-Base Interactions
Interfacial Lewis Acid-Base Interactions
The Young-Dupré Equation
Attractive and Repulsive Polar Forces
Relative Values of the Electron-Acceptor and Electron-Donor Parameters of γ
Monopolar Surfaces and Substance
Different Modes of Interaction Between Two Polar Substances
The Surface Tension of Liquids and Solids
Interfacial Tensions Between Polar Liquids
Earlier Approaches to Correlate Contact Angles and Surface Tensions in Polar Systems
Comparison Between Repulsive Lifshitz–van der Waals and RepulsiveAcid-Base Interactions
The Mechanisms Allowing ΔGLW132 and ΔGAB131 to Be Positive
Implications of ΔGAB132 > 0
Implications of ΔG132 > 0
Connection Between “Hydrophobic” and Hydrophilic Interactions
Coda
Chapter V Electrical Double Layer Interactions
Electrokinetic Potential and Ionic Double Layer
Free Energy of Electrostatic Interactions
Electrokinetic Phenomena
ζ-Potential, Ionic Strength and Electrokinetic Mobility
Influence of the Double Layer
Thick Double Layer
Thin Double Layer
Relaxation
Validity Ranges of the Equations
Confrontation of the Equations with Experimental Data
Small κa
Large κa
Transition 0.1 < κa < 300
Calculation of ζ-Potentials from Mobility Data
The Brooks Effect
Coda
Chapter VI Brownian Movement Forces—Osmotic Interactions of Polymers
Brownian Movement Forces
Osmotic Interactions
Radius of Gyration
Polymer Concentration
Size and Shape of Polymer Molecules
Coda
Chapter VII Rate of Decay with Distance
Unretarded Lifshitz–van der Waals Forces
Retarded London–van der Waals Forces
Polar (AB) Interactions
Electrical Double Layer Interactions
Brownian Movement Interactions
Combined Interaction Forces Acting on Solids or on Suspended Particles in Polymer Solutions
The Derjaguin Approximation
Energy-Balance Diagrams
Coda
PART II Interfacial Properties and Structure of Liquid Water
Chapter VIII Lifshitz–van der Waals and Lewis Acid-Base Properties of Liquid Water—Physical and Physico-Chemical Effects
Dominance of the Lewis Acid-Base Properties of Water
Effect of Temperature on the γ-Components of Water
The Surface Properties of Ice at 0°C
Cluster Formation in Liquid Water
Coda
Chapter IX Role of Water in Hydrophobic Attraction
The Hydrogen-Bonding (Lewis Acid-Base) Free Energy of Cohesion of Water and “the Hydrophobic Effect”
Hydrophobic Hydration
Clathrate Formation
Action at a Distance
Modulation of the Hydrophobizing Capacity of Water
Decreasing | ΔGABiwi |
Increasing | ΔGABiwi |
Coda
Chapter X Role of Water in Hydrophilic Repulsion
Water and Hydration Forces
Negative γiw Values and Hydrophilic Repulsion
Hydration Orientation and Action at a Distance
Hydrophilicity and Hydration Orientation
Hydration Orientation of Proteins
Modulation of the Hydrophilic Repulsion Through Temperature Changes
Raising ΔGABiwi
Lowering ΔGABiwi
Coda
Chapter XI The Water–Air Interface
Hyper-Hydrophobicity of Air at the Water–Air Interface
Quantitative Expression of the Total Hydrophobic Attraction Energy at the Water–Air Interface
Absence of Hydration of Air at the Water–Air Interface
Attraction of Partly Polar, or Amphiphilic Solutes to the Water–Air Interface, Which decreases the Apparent Surface Tension of Water
Repulsion of Hydrophilic, or Near-Hydrophilic Solutes by the Air-Side of the Water–Air Interface; the Increase of the Surface Tension of Aqueous Solutions by the Admixture of Sugars and Salts
The ζ–Potential of Air Bubbles in Water
Coda
PART III Experimental Measurement Methods
Chapter XII Contact Angle and Surface Tension Determination and Preparation of Solid Surfaces
The Sessile Drop as a Force Balance
Spreading Pressure
Contact Angle Measurement in Air–Hysteresis
Contact Angles on Heterogeneous Surfaces—Cassie’s Equation
Contact Angle Measurement in Liquids
Contact Angle Measurement by Wicking
Surface Tension of Liquids
Apolar and Polar Surface Tension Component of Liquids
Estimation of the Polar Surface Tension Parameters γL⊕ and γL⊖ of Liquids
Gel Method
Polar Solids Method
Purity of Contact Angle Liquids
Surface Tension and Surface Free Energy
Influence of Temperature on the Properties of Water as a Contact Angle Liquid
Influence of the pH of Water as a Contact Angle Liquid on the Surface Properties of Electrically Charged Solid Surfaces
Infl uence of the pH of Water on the Properties of Water Itself, in Connectionwith Its Use as a Contact Angle Liquid
Preparation of Solid Surfaces
Particles and Cells
Dried Solutes
Hydrated Solutes
Coda
Chapter XIII Interfacial Tension Determination—Influence of Macroscopic- and Microscopic-Scale Interactions
Interfacial Tensions and Free Energies of Interfacial Interaction
Interfacial Tension Between Immiscible Liquids
Determination of Interfacial Tensions Between Condensed-Phase Materials and Water
The Aqueous Solubility Approach for Determining γowo
Use of the cmc of Surfactant Molecules for Determining their γowo
Contact Angle-Based Methods for Determining γowo
Chapter XIV Different Approaches for Interpreting Contact Angles and Determining the Surface Tension and Surface Tension Components of Solids
The Concept of Surface Tension of a Solid
Critical Surface Tensions of Solids
“Equation of State” Approaches
The Concept of a Single Polar Surface Tension Component, “γP”,in Conjunction with a Geometric Mean Combining Rule
Comparison Between the γ12AB and the“γ12P” Approaches
Sedimentation of Particle Suspensions
Advancing Solidification Fronts
Adhesion Methods
Other Approaches
γLW and Hamaker Constants
Phase Separation
Electrophoretic Mobility
Coda
Chapter XV Electrokinetic Methods
Microelectrophoresis of Particles and Cells
Moving Boundary Electrophoresis
Zone Electrophoresis
Zone Electrophoresis of Particles and Cells
Descending Density Gradient Electrophoresis
Ascending Electrophoresis
Packed Column Cell Electrophoresis
Enhanced Electrophoretic Separation of Subclasses of Cells Through Receptor-Tagging
Microgravity Electrophoresis
Molecular Sieve Zone Electrophoresis
Starch Gel Electrophoresis
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Electrophoresis
Graded Porosity Gel Electrophoresis
Gel Electrophoresis of Nucleic Acid
Zone Electrophoresis of Adsorbed Proteins
Continuous Flow Electrophoresis
Curtain Electrophoresis
Free Flow Electrophoresis
Endless Belt Electrophoresis
Cylindrical Rotating Continuous Flow Electrophoresis
Stable Flow Electrophoresis
Electrophoretic Field Flow Fractionation
Horizontal Rotating Cylinder Electrophoresis
Capillary Electrophoresis
Isoelectric Focusing
Cell Isoelectric Focusing
Isotachophoresis
Bidimensional Methods
Electroosmosis
Streaming Potential and Sedimentation Potential
Electrophoresis in Non-Aqueous Media
Coda and Limitations
Chapter XVI Direct Measurement Methods, Treating the Force Balance in Particular
Force Balance
Other Approaches
Interfacial Attraction Effects (Hydrophobic Interactions) in Water
Interfacial Repulsion Effects (Hydration Repulsion) in Water
Interactions Between Adsorbed Polymer Layers in Apolar Media
Interaction Between Adsorbed Biopolymers and Between Adsorbed Phospholipids in Aqueous Media
Measurement of the Decay-Length of Water
Electrostatic Effects
Oscillatory Effects
Atomic Force Microscopy
Coda
PART IV Associated Phenomena and Applications
Chapter XVII Surface Tension Components and Parameters of Liquids and Solids
Completely Apolar Liquids
Monopolar Liquids, Immiscible with Water
Dipolar Liquids, Immiscible with Water
Naphthalene
Monopolar and Dipolar Water-Miscible Liquids
Synthetic Polymers
Biopolymers
Plasma Proteins
Other Proteins
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acids
Contact Angle Liquids
Surface Tension Properties of Clays and Other Minerals
Coda
Chapter XVIII Attractive LW- and AB-Forces: Hydrophobic Interactions
Interaction Between Two Identical Organic Molecules, Immersed in Water
Enthalpy and Entropy of Hydrophobic Interactions
Apolar (LW) and Polar (AB) Contributions to Hydrophobic Interactions
Hydrophobic Attractions (ΔGiwi)
Hydrophobic Hydration (ΔGiw)
Conclusions
Propagation at a Distance of Attractive Hydrophobic Interactions
Cavitation Is an Effect, Not a Cause of Hydrophobic Interactions;When Wiwi Is Smaller than Wiwi, Cavitation Is Favored Near the Interface
Attractive Interfacial Interactions in Non-Aqueous Media
Further to the Mechanism of Hydrophobic Interactions
Occurrence of Attractive Interfacial (“Hydrophobic”) Interactions Between Similar Sites
Interactions Between Two Different Organic Compounds Immersed in Water
Occurrence of Attractive Interfacial (“Hydrophobic”) Interactions Between Two Dissimilar Sites
Coda
Chapter XIX Repulsive AB-Forces: Hydrophilic Interactions—Osmotic Pressures of PEO Solutions
Negative Interfacial Tensions and Polar Repulsion
Monopolar Surfaces
Quantitative Expression of Hydrophilicity and Hydrophobicity
Propagation at a Distance of Repulsive Hydrophilic Interactions
Linkage Between EL and AB Forces
Osmotic Pressure Effects
Osmotic Pressures of PEO-Water Solutions
Monopolar Repulsion Between Dissimilar Polar Entities
Monopolar Repulsion in Non-Aqueous Polar Media
Persistence of ΔGiwi Interactions at a Distance
Coda
Appendix: On the Interpolation of Values of γ12 versus PEO Concentration
Chapter XX The Primary and Secondary Interactions
van der Waals Interactions (Primary)
Electrostatic, or Coulombic Interactions (Primary)
Lewis Acid-Base Interactions (Primary)
Brownian Movement Interactions
Primary Forces and Secondary Phenomena
Osmotic Pressure
Disjoining Pressure
Structural Forces
Steric Interactions
Depletion Interactions
Entropy-Driven and Enthalpy-Driven Interactions
Cross-Binding Interactions
Specific Interactions
Coda
Chapter XXI Phase Separation in Polymer Solutions; Coacervation and Complex Coacervation
Phase Separation of Polymers in Organic Media
Phase Separation of Polymers in Aqueous Media
Phase Separation of Water-Soluble Polymers in Polar Organic Media
Mechanism of Polymer Phase Separation in Apolar Systems
Mechanism of Polymer Phase Separation in Polar and Especially in Aqueous Systems
The Interfacial Tension Between Aqueous Phases
Use of Aqueous Two-Phase Systems for Cell and Biopolymer Separation
Polymer Phase Separation Summarized
Coacervation and Complex Coacervation
Role of Low Molecular Weight Solutes in Coacervation
Complex Coacervation
Flocculation
Phase Formation in Microemulsions
Coda
Chapter XXII Solubility of Polymers and Other Solutes
Apolar Systems and Hildebrand’s Solubility Parameter
Polar Systems
Solubility of Apolar Polymers
Miscibility of Polar Liquids
Miscibility and Solubility as Microscopic-Scale Phenomena
Miscibility and Immiscibility as Macroscopic-Scale Phenomena
Conclusion
Solubility of Polar Polymers
Solubility in Non-Aqueous Polar Liquids
Insolubilization of Biopolymers
The Flory-Huggins χ-Parameter and the Solubility of Polar Compounds
Solubility and the cmc of Non-Ionic Surfactants
Relation Between ΔGTOT and the cmc
Solubility and the cmc of Anionic Surfactants
Solubility of Organic Liquids in Water
Solubility of Electrolytes
Coda
Chapter XXIII Cell and Particle Stability
Energy vs. Distance Plots in Aqueous Media
Particle Stability vs. Flocculation—The Schulze-Hardy Mechanism of Flocculation with Plurivalent Counterions
Polymer Molecules, Very Small Particles and Protuberances with Small Radii of Curvature
The Glycocalyx of Mammalian Cells
Blood Cell Stability
Rouleau Formation of Red Cells, or Pseudo-Attachment at the Secondary Minimum
Hemagglutination
The IgG Molecule as a Probe for Determining the Intercellular Distance,l ,at the Secondary Minimum; Estimation of the Decay Length of Water
Cell and Particle Stability in the Absence and in the Presence of Polymers
Stability in the Absence of Polymers
Stability Induced by Attached Lyophilic Polymers; Depletion Phenomena
Coda
Chapter XXIV Adsorption and Adhesion in Aqueous Media, Including Ligand-Receptor Interactions
Interaction Between Two Different Materials Immersed in Water
Macroscopic and Microscopic-Scale Interactions
Adsorption
Influence of the Size of the Solute
Blotting
Protein Adsorption
Change in Configuration and Denaturation
Liquid Chromatography
Cell Adhesion
Influence of Protein Adsorption
Adhesion to High- and Low-Energy Surfaces
Prevention of Adhesion
The Influence of Cell-Shape on Adhesiveness
Cell Adhesion to Low-Energy Surfaces
Aspecific and Specific Interactions in Microbial Adhesion
Microbial Pathogenicity and Negative and Positive Cell Adhesion
Opsonization and Phagocytosis
Cell Fusion
Cell Freezing and Negative and Positive Adhesion to Advancing Ice Fronts
Aspecific and Specific Interactions
Smallness of Specific Sites
Interfacial (LW + AB) Specific Interactions
Role of Direct Hydrogen Bonding in Specific Interactions
H-Bonds Used in Ag-Ab Modeling
Role of H-Bonding in Specific Interactions in General
Specific Electrostatic Interactions
Bridging with Plurivalent Counterions—Calcium Bridging
Antigen-Antibody Binding Hysteresis
Role of Hydration
The ΔG1w2→ΔG12 Transition
Specific Recombination DNA-DNA Interactions
Summary of the Mechanism of Specific Ligand-Receptor Interactions
Coda
Chapter XXV Kinetics and Energetics of Protein Adsorption onto Metal Oxide Surfaces
Measurement of the Kinetic On-Rate Constant of Protein Adsorption onto Metal Oxide Surfaces—Experimental Constraints to Be Observed
Mass Transport
Steric Hindrance by Dissolved Protein Molecules
Decrease in the Adsorption of Protein onto Metal Oxide Surfaces When Dissolved in Some Common Buffer Solutions
Macroscopic-Scale Repulsion Between Albumin and Glass or Silica
Microscopic-Scale Attraction Between Proteins and Discrete Cationic Sites Imbedded in Hydrophilic Metal Oxide Surfaces
Extended DLVO (XDLVO) Analysis of Protein Adsorption as a Function of Distance and Geometric Shape
Incorporation of both Macroscopic-Scale Repulsion and Microscopic-Scale Attraction Energies in the Analysis of Measured Kinetic Association Rate Constants, Using von Smoluchowski’s Formalism von Smoluchowski’s Formalism
von Smoluchowski’s Equation
von Smoluchowski’s f Factor
Determination of Xmac and Xmic
Determination and Significance of ka mic
Influence of Hysteresis on the Determination of Ka and kd and Method for Obviating Its Effects
Coda
List of Symbols Used
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