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1 Introduction to Colloid and Surface Chemistry
1.1 What are the colloids and interfaces? Why are they important? Why do we study them together?
1.1.1 Colloids and interfaces
1.2 Applications
1.3 Three ways of classifying the colloids
1.4 How to prepare colloid systems
1.5 Key properties of colloids
1.6 Concluding remarks
2 Intermolecular and Interparticle Forces
2.1 Introduction – Why and which forces are of importance in collo[...]

1 Introduction to Colloid and Surface Chemistry
1.1 What are the colloids and interfaces? Why are they important? Why do we study them together?
1.1.1 Colloids and interfaces
1.2 Applications
1.3 Three ways of classifying the colloids
1.4 How to prepare colloid systems
1.5 Key properties of colloids
1.6 Concluding remarks
2 Intermolecular and Interparticle Forces
2.1 Introduction – Why and which forces are of importance in colloid and surface chemistry?
2.2 Two important long-range forces between molecules
2.3 The van der Waals forces
2.3.1 Van der Waals forces between molecules
2.3.2 Forces between particles and surfaces
2.3.3 Importance of the van der Waals forces
2.4 Concluding remarks
Appendix 2.1 A note on the uniqueness of the water molecule and some of the recent debates on water structure and peculiar properties
3 Surface and Interfacial Tensions – Principles and Estimation Methods
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Concept of surface tension – applications
3.3 Interfacial tensions, work of adhesion and spreading
3.3.1 Interfacial tensions
3.3.2 Work of adhesion and cohesion
3.3.3 Spreading coefficient in liquid–liquid interfaces
3.4 Measurement and estimation methods for surface tensions
3.4.1 The parachor method
3.4.2 Other methods
3.5 Measurement and estimation methods for interfacial tensions
3.5.1 “Direct” theories (Girifalco–Good and Neumann)
3.5.2 Early “surface component” theories (Fowkes, Owens–Wendt, Hansen/Skaarup)
3.5.3 Acid–base theory of van Oss–Good (van Oss et al., 1987) – possibly the best theory to-date
3.5.4 Discussion
3.6 Summary
Appendix 3.1 Hansen solubility parameters (HSP) for selected solvents
Appendix 3.2 The “φ” parameter of the Girifalco–Good equation (Equation 3.16) for liquid–liquid interfaces. Data from Girifalco and Good (1957, 1960)
4 Fundamental Equations in Colloid and Surface Science
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The Young equation of contact angle
4.2.1 Contact angle, spreading pressure and work of adhesion for solid–liquid interfaces
4.2.2 Validity of the Young equation
4.2.3 Complexity of solid surfaces and effects on contact angle
4.3 Young–Laplace equation for the pressure difference across a curved surface
4.4 Kelvin equation for the vapour pressure, P, of a droplet (curved surface) over the “ordinary” vapour pressure Psat for a flat surface
4.4.1 Applications of the Kelvin equation
4.5 The Gibbs adsorption equation
4.6 Applications of the Gibbs equation (adsorption, monolayers, molecular weight of proteins)
4.7 Monolayers
4.8 Conclusions
Appendix 4.1 Derivation of the Young–Laplace equation
Appendix 4.2 Derivation of the Kelvin equation
Appendix 4.3 Derivation of the Gibbs adsorption equation
5 Surfactants and Self-assembly. Detergents and Cleaning
5.1 Introduction to surfactants – basic properties, self-assembly and critical packing parameter (CPP)
5.2 Micelles and critical micelle concentration (CMC)
5.3 Micellization – theories and key parameters
5.4 Surfactants and cleaning (detergency)
5.5 Other applications of surfactants
5.6 Concluding remarks
Appendix 5.1 Useful relationships from geometry
Appendix 5.2 The Hydrophilic–Lipophilic Balance (HLB)
6 Wetting and Adhesion
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Wetting and adhesion via the Zisman plot and theories for interfacial tensions
6.2.1 Zisman plot
6.2.2 Combining theories of interfacial tensions with Young equation and work of adhesion for studying wetting and adhesion
6.2.3 Applications of wetting and solid characterization
6.3 Adhesion theories
6.3.1 Introduction – adhesion theories
6.3.2 Adhesive forces
6.4 Practical adhesion: forces, work of adhesion, problems and protection
6.4.1 Effect of surface phenomena and mechanical properties
6.4.2 Practical adhesion – locus of failure
6.4.3 Adhesion problems and some solutions
6.5 Concluding remarks
7 Adsorption in Colloid and Surface Science – A Universal Concept
7.1 Introduction – universality of adsorption – overview
7.2 Adsorption theories, two-dimensional equations of state and surface tension–concentration trends: a clear relationship
7.3 Adsorption of gases on solids
7.3.1 Adsorption using the Langmuir equation
7.3.2 Adsorption of gases on solids using the BET equation
7.4 Adsorption from solution
7.4.1 Adsorption using the Langmuir equation
7.4.2 Adsorption from solution – the effect of solvent and concentration on adsorption
7.5 Adsorption of surfactants and polymers
7.5.1 Adsorption of surfactants and the role of CPP
7.5.2 Adsorption of polymers
7.6 Concluding remarks
8 Characterization Methods of Colloids – Part I: Kinetic Properties and Rheology
8.1 Introduction – importance of kinetic properties
8.2 Brownian motion
8.3 Sedimentation and creaming (Stokes and Einstein equations)
8.3.1 Stokes equation
8.3.2 Effect of particle shape
8.3.3 Einstein equation
8.4 Kinetic properties via the ultracentrifuge
8.4.1 Molecular weight estimated from kinetic experiments (1 = medium and 2 = particle or droplet)
8.4.2 Sedimentation velocity experiments (1 = medium and 2 = particle or droplet)
8.5 Osmosis and osmotic pressure
8.6 Rheology of colloidal dispersions
8.6.1 Introduction
8.6.2 Special characteristics of colloid dispersions’ rheology
8.7 Concluding remarks
9 Characterization Methods of Colloids – Part II: Optical Properties (Scattering, Spectroscopy and Microscopy)
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Optical microscopy
9.3 Electron microscopy
9.4 Atomic force microscopy
9.5 Light scattering
9.6 Spectroscopy
9.7 Concluding remarks
10 Colloid Stability – Part I: The Major Players (van der Waals and Electrical Forces)
10.1 Introduction – key forces and potential energy plots – overview
10.1.1 Critical coagulation concentration
10.2 van der Waals forces between particles and surfaces – basics
10.3 Estimation of effective Hamaker constants
10.4 vdW forces for different geometries – some examples
10.4.1 Complex fluids
10.5 Electrostatic forces: the electric double layer and the origin of surface charge
10.6 Electrical forces: key parameters (Debye length and zeta potential)
10.6.1 Surface or zeta potential and electrophoretic experiments
10.6.2 The Debye length
10.7 Electrical forces
10.8 Schulze–Hardy rule and the critical coagulation concentration (CCC)
10.9 Concluding remarks on colloid stability, the vdW and electric forces
10.9.1 vdW forces
10.9.2 Electric forces
Appendix 10.1 A note on the terminology of colloid stability
Appendix 10.2 Gouy–Chapman theory of the diffuse electrical double-layer
11 Colloid Stability – Part II: The DLVO Theory – Kinetics of Aggregation
11.1 DLVO theory – a rapid overview
11.2 DLVO theory – effect of various parameters
11.3 DLVO theory – experimental verification and applications
11.3.1 Critical coagulation concentration and the Hofmeister series
11.3.2 DLVO, experiments and limitations
11.4 Kinetics of aggregation
11.4.1 General – the Smoluchowski model
11.4.2 Fast (diffusion-controlled) coagulation
11.4.3 Stability ratio W
11.4.4 Structure of aggregates
11.5 Concluding remarks
12 Emulsions
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Applications and characterization of emulsions
12.3 Destabilization of emulsions
12.4 Emulsion stability
12.5 Quantitative representation of the steric stabilization
12.5.1 Temperature-dependency of steric stabilization
12.5.2 Conditions for good stabilization
12.6 Emulsion design
12.7 PIT – Phase inversion temperature of emulsion based on non-ionic emulsifiers
12.8 Concluding remarks
13 Foams
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Applications of foams
13.3 Characterization of foams
13.4 Preparation of foams
13.5 Measurements of foam stability
13.6 Destabilization of foams
13.6.1 Gas diffusion
13.6.2 Film (lamella) rupture
13.6.3 Drainage of foam by gravity
13.7 Stabilization of foams
13.7.1 Changing surface viscosity
13.7.2 Surface elasticity
13.7.3 Polymers and foam stabilization
13.7.4 Additives
13.7.5 Foams and DLVO theory
13.8 How to avoid and destroy foams
13.8.1 Mechanisms of antifoaming/defoaming
13.9 Rheology of foams
13.10 Concluding remarks
14 Multicomponent Adsorption
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Langmuir theory for multicomponent adsorption
14.3 Thermodynamic (ideal and real) adsorbed solution theories (IAST and RAST)
14.4 Multicomponent potential theory of adsorption (MPTA)
14.5 Discussion. Comparison of models
14.5.1 IAST – literature studies
14.5.2 IAST versus Langmuir
14.5.3 MPTA versus IAST versus Langmuir
14.6 Conclusions
Appendix 14.1 Proof of Equations 14.10a,b
15 Sixty Years with Theories for Interfacial Tension – Quo Vadis?
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Early theories
15.3 van Oss–Good and Neumann theories
15.3.1 The two theories in brief
15.3.2 What do van Oss–Good and Neumann say about their own theories?
15.3.3 What do van Oss–Good and Neumann say about each other’s theories?
15.3.4 What do others say about van Oss–Good and Neumann theories?
15.3.5 What do we believe about the van Oss–Good and Neumann theories?
15.4 A new theory for estimating interfacial tension using the partial solvation parameters (Panayiotou)
15.5 Conclusions – Quo Vadis?
16 Epilogue and Review Problems
Review Problems in Colloid and Surface Chemistry