13- Dielectric Spectroscopy and Thermally Stimulated Current Analysis of Biopolymer Systems
Theory and Principle of Dielectric Analyses
Theoretical Background
Polarization Mechanisms in Materials
Orientation Polarization
Dynamic Dielectric Spectroscopy
General Principle
DDS Relaxation Map
Analysis of DDS ResponsesThermally Stimulated Currents
General Principle
Complex TSC Thermograms and Experimental Decomposition
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13- Dielectric Spectroscopy and Thermally Stimulated Current Analysis of Biopolymer Systems
Theory and Principle of Dielectric Analyses
Theoretical Background
Polarization Mechanisms in Materials
Orientation Polarization
Dynamic Dielectric Spectroscopy
General Principle
DDS Relaxation Map
Analysis of DDS ResponsesThermally Stimulated Currents
General Principle
Complex TSC Thermograms and Experimental Decomposition
Relaxation Time
Characterization of Biopolymers
Native Biopolymers
Role OH Hydration in Biopolymers Dynamics
Soluble Biopolymers
Fibrillar Proteins
Biological Systems and Biomaterials
14 - Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy of Biopolymers
NMR of Biological Polymers
Methods for the Study of Biological Polymers
Static Powder Samples
Oriented Fibers
Magic Angle Spinning
Solid·State NMR Experiments Employed for the Analysis of Biopolymers
Cross-Polarization
Heteronuclear Decoupling
Correlation Spectroscopy of Unoriented Samples
Correlation Spectroscopy of Oriented Samples
Magic Angle Spinning Dipolar Recoupling/Correlation Spectroscopy
Homonuclear Dipolar Recoupling Methods
Heteronuclear Dipolar Recoupling Methods
Analysis of Dynamics in Biopolymers
Application ofSolid-State NMR to Biopolymers
Silk
Structural Studies of Silks Derived from Silkworm
Structural Studies of Silks Derived from Spiders
Collagen
Elastin
15 - EPR Spectroscopy of Biopolymers
Theoretical Background
Biopolymers
Biopolymers Structure and Molecular Motions Determination
Biopolymers Degradation Dynamic Study
Thermal Degradation
Radiolytic and Photolytic Irradiated Degradation
Radical Degradation Pathways of Polymers Due to Involved Redox Reactions of Transition Metal Ions
Determination of Antioxidant Activity of Biopolymers
Penetration of Small Molecules through Biopolymer Structures
Biopolymers Functionalization, Polymerization, and/or Cross- Linking
Biopolymer Surface/lnterface Interactions
Biopolymer Blends Morphology and Temperature-Dependent Behavior
Biocatalytic Oxidation/Reduction of Biopolymers
16 - X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy: A Tool for Studying Biopolymers
XPS Basics
Qualitative Aspects
Binding Energy and Chemical Shift
Charge Shifts and Auger Parameter
Quantitative Aspects
Atomic Relative Amounts
Heterogeneities in Depth
Degradation Induced by X-Ray
Cellulose
Ultrathin Cellulose Films: A Good Tool for Cellulose Surface Studies
Adsorption of a Phthalocyanine on Ultrathin Cellulose Films
Activation of Cellulose Film with Isocyanate Derivatives
Activation of Cellulose with Imidazole Derivatives
Surface Grafting of Hernin on Cellulose Films
Growth of Metallic Nanoparticles on Cellulose Surface
Controlled Surface Modification of Cellulose Fibers by Amino Derivatives
Other Works
Starch
Ability of XPS to Characterize Native Starch
Starch Functionalization
Chitin and Chitosan
Chitin
Chitosan
Gums
Ability of XPS to Characterize Natural Gums
Adsorbed Metals and Nanoparticles on Natural Gums
Complementary Techniques
Infrared Spectroscopy
Activation of Cellulose Film with Isocyanate Derivatives
Activation of Cellulose with Imidazole Derivatives: Functionalization with Hemin
New Hybrid Films Based on Cellulose and Hydroxygallium Phthalocyanine
Hybrid Systems of Silver Nanoparticles Generated on Cellulose Surfaces
Atomic Force Microscopy
Hydroxygallium Phthalocyanine Physisorbed on Cellulose Films Studied by AFM
Silver Nanoparticles on Cellulosic Films Studied by AFM
17 - Light-Scattering Studies of Biopolymer Systems
Static Scattering
Theoretical Background
Applications of Static Scattering Methods to Study Particular Structures and Processes
Dilute Systems
Undiluted Systems
Dynamic Light Scattering
Theoretical Background
Applications of Dynamic Scattering Methods to Study Particular Structures and Processes
Cross-Correlation Dynamic Light Scattering
Theoretical Background
Applications of Cross-Correlation Dynamic Light Scattering
Turbidimetry
Theoretical Background
Applications of Turbidimetry
Diffusive Wave Spectroscopy
Theoretical Background
Applications of Diffusive Wave Spectroscopy
Micro Rheology Using DLS and DWS
18 - X-Ray Scattering and Diffraction of Biopolymers
Interaction of X-Ray with Electron
Structure Factor and Scattered Intensity
Diffraction
Model System for Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS)
Explicit Model
Practical Consideration
Line- or Point-Focused Beam
Monochromator and Filters
Choice of Wavelength
Bearn Size
Examples
Molecular Conformation
Polydisperse Particles
Molecular Shape from Fiber Diffraction
Precise Crystallographic Coordinates from Fiber Diffraction or Single Crystal Diffraction
Microfocus Capacity and Beam Damage
19 - Large-Scale Structural Characterization of Biopolymer Systems by Small Angle Neutron Scattering
Basic Principles of SANS
Advantages of Using SANS
Physical Background
Scattering Contrast
Form Factor
Structure Factor
Zero Average Contrast Method
Experimental Examples
Similarities between Synthetic and Biopolymer Solutions
Proteins
Protein Folding
Protein-Water Interaction
Polynucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)
Ionic Interactions in DNA Solution
DNA Folding
Crowding Effects in DNA
Crowding and RNA Folding
Polysaccharide-Based Biopolymers
Diversity of Polysaccharides in Nature
Chondroitin Sulfate
Hyaluronic Acid
Aggrecan Assemblies
20 - Microscopy of Biopolymer Systems
Emerging Techniques in Biopolymer Microscopy
Optical Microscopy
Scanning Electron Microscopy
Transmission Electron Microscopy
Cryo Transmission Electron Microscopy
Atomic Force Microscopy
Scanning Tunneling Microscope
Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope
Microstructure and Application of Biopolymers
Microstructure of Biopolymers
Microspheres
Hydrogels
Structure of Hydrogels
Applications of Hydrogels
Fibers
Structure of Fibers
Self-Assembly Fibers
Phase Separation in Fiber Formation
Electrospinning Fibers
Scaffolds
Structure of Porous Scaffolds
Sponge-Like Porous Scaffolds
Collagen-Like Nanofibrous Scaffolds
Membranes
Biopolymeric Microstructure for Medical Applications
21 - Rheo-optical Characterization of Biopolymer Systems
Mechanism and Equipment of Rheo-optics
Polarimetry
Theoretical Background Experimental Setup
Light Scattering (Raman)
Mechanism and Applications
Experimental Setup
Rheo-optical Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
Rheo-optical Applications for Biopolymers
Stress
Flow Birefringence
Proteins
Xanthan Gum Solution
Collagens
Wormlike Micelles
Polysaccharides
Orientation (Liquid Crystal)
Method for Determination of Orientation
Birefringent Characterization of Fiber Orientation Degree
Applications
Size of Phase or Particle
Particle Characterization Method
Rheo-optical Properties
22 - Rheological Behavior of Biopolymer Systems
Rheological Behavior of Polysaccharide Systems
Structure of Polysaccharide regarding Rheological Properties
Mathematical Modeling of Linear Viscoelastic Properties
Rheological Behavior and Modeling of Polysaccharide Systems
Rheological Behavior of Protein Systems
Rheological Behavior of Milk Proteins
Rheological Behavior of Soy Proteins
Rheological Behavior of Meat Proteins
Rheological Behavior of Mixture Systems
Rheological Properties of the Mixtures of Milk Proteins and Polysaccharides
Rheological Properties of the Mixtures of Soy Proteins and Other Proteins
23 - Physical Gels of Biopolymers: Structure, Rheological and Gelation Properties
Gel Organization at Different Scales
Sol-Gel Transition in Polymer Gels: Determination and Applications
Definition of the Sol-Gel Transition
Different Techniques to Follow the Gel Formation
Classical Methods for Determining the Gel Point
Determining the Gel Point Using G'(w) and G"(w) Spectra
The Method of "tan δ Crossing" Applied to the Study of Mixed Gels
Gel and Sol-Gel Transition Applications
Uses of Gel to Trap Scattered Elements
Mechanical Reversibility of Physical Gels and Applications
Foams Containing Gelatin. How to Choose the Whipping Temperature
24 – Interfacial Properties of Biopolymers, Emulsions, and Emulsifiers
Surface-Active Polysaccharides
Biopolymer Blends in Emulsions
Incompatible Protein-Polysaccharide Blends
Associative Protein-Polysaccharide Interactions
Physical Protein-Polysaccharide Complexes
Covalent Protein-Polysaccharide Conjugates
25 - Modeling and Simulation of Biopolymer Systems
Why Modeling (and Simulating)?
Describing the Mechanisms Involved in the Fabrication of Biopolymer Matrices
Discriminating the Elementary Phenomena
Developing a Predictive Tool
Opening New Perspectives
What Modeling (Transfer, Transport, Chemical Reaction, etc.)?
Which Validation for a Model?
Methodology
Description of the Geometry
Definition of the Initial Assumptions
Modeling the Thermodynamics
Mass Balance Equation
Coupling between Mass and Heat Transfer
Definition of the Biot Number
Lumped Parameter Approach
Solving the Heat Equation
Definition of the Initial and Boundary Conditions
Initial Conditions for Mass and Heat Transfer
Boundary Conditions for Mass Transfer
Boundary Conditions for Heat Transfer
Solving the Boundary Displacement
Mass and Heat Transfer Coefficients
Free Convection
Forced Convection
Numerical Simulation
Application to Biopolymer Systems
Elaboration of Chitin Hydrogels Using Nonsolvent Vapors
Nature of Chitin and Chitosan Biopolymers
Preparation of Chitin Matrices
Modeling Approach for the Elaboration of Chitin Hydrogel
Main Results and Applications
Elaboration of Chitosan Hydrogels by Ammonia Penetration and Chemical Reaction
Preparation of Chitosan Solutions
Elementary Phenomena Involved in the Vapor Gelation Process Experimental Procedure for Following the Gelation Front
Equation System Including the Coupling between Transport and Chemical Reaction
Main Results and Applications
26 - Aging and Biodegradation of Biocomposites
Aging of Biopolymer Systems
Aging Tests
Environmental Aging Test
Artificial Aging Test
Accelerated Aging Tests
Effects of Aging and Moisture on Mechanical Properties
Biodegradation of Biopolymers
Biodegradation Behavior
Recycling of Biopolymer-Embedded Biocomposites
Future Vision
27 - Biopolymers for Health, Food, and Cosmetic Applications
Biopolymers for Health Applications
Biodegradable Polymers
Considerations for Selection of Polymers
Proteins and Poly(Amino Acids): Enzymatically Degradable Polymers as Biomaterials
Collagen
Natural Poly(Amino Acids)
Elastin
Fibrin
Polysaccharides of Human Origin
Hyaluronic Acid
Chondroitin Sulfate
Polysaccharides of Nonhuman Origin
Chitin and Chitosan
Alginic Acid
Xanthan Gum
Gum Arabic
Starch
Cellulose
Pectin
Carrageenan
Polymers with Hydrolyzable Backbone
Poly(a-Esters)
Polyglycolide
Polylactides
poly(Lactide-co-Glycolide)
Polycaprolactone
Polydioxanone
Poly(3-Hydroxyalkanoates)(PHA)s
Poly(Ester Amide)
Poly(Orthoesters) (POE)
Polyanhydrides
Poly Propylenefumarate
Poly(Alkyl Cyanoacrylates)
Polyphosphazenes
Polyphosphoester
Biopolymers for Food Applications
Chitin and Chitosan
Dextran
Xanthan
Bacterial Cellulose
Gellan
Curdlan
Pullulan
Starch
Alginic Acid
Gelatin
Cyclodextrins
Carrageenan
Biopolymers for Cosmetic Applications
General Ingredients of Cosmetic Products
Cosmeceuticals
Biopolymers in Cosmetic Preparations
Proteins in Cosmetic
Polysaccharides in Cosmetics
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