Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Biological Conversion of Syngas into Ethanol
2.1 First Generation of Ethanol Production
2.2 Introduction of Biological Conversion of Syngas into Ethanol
2.3 Clostridium Ljungdahlii and other Strains
2.3.1 Introduction
2.3.2 Initial Growth Experiments (Medium Selection)
2.4 Conceptual Design: Gasification and Syngas Cleaning
2.4.1 Gasification Techniques
2.4.2 Syngas Purification
2.5 Bior[...]
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Biological Conversion of Syngas into Ethanol
2.1 First Generation of Ethanol Production
2.2 Introduction of Biological Conversion of Syngas into Ethanol
2.3 Clostridium Ljungdahlii and other Strains
2.3.1 Introduction
2.3.2 Initial Growth Experiments (Medium Selection)
2.4 Conceptual Design: Gasification and Syngas Cleaning
2.4.1 Gasification Techniques
2.4.2 Syngas Purification
2.5 Bioreactor Design
2.5.1 Reactor Types
2.5.2 Monolith Bioreactor Mass Transfer and Energy Consumption
2.6 Design of Continuous Bioreactor Setup
2.6.1 Introduction
2.6.2 Design of the Continuous Bioreactor System
2.6.3 Analytical Methods
2.7 Experimental Results
2.7.1 Initial Cell Attachment to the Monolith Column
2.7.2 Biofilm Formation in the Monolith Column
2.7.3 Biofilm Test with Glucose as the Main C-Source
2.7.4 CO Conversion in the Monolith Column
2.7.5 CO Conversion into Ethanol by Lowering pH in the Monolith Column
2.7.6 Designed Medium Test
2.7.7 Biofilm Test with CO as the only C-Source
2.7.8 Product Concentration Boost by Lowering the Dilution Rate
2.7.9 CO Conversion in Closed BottIes (Batch System)
2.7.10 Gas-to- Liquid Mass- Transfer Coefficient Test
2.8 Ethanol Distillation and Dehydration
2.8.1 Ethanol Distillation
2.8.2 Ethanol Dehydration
2.8.3 Energy-Efficient Distilling and Dehydration Options
2.9 Ethanol as a Transportation Biofuel
2.9.1 Anhydrous Ethanol in Low-Percentage Petrol Blends
2.9.2 Anhydrous Ethanol In High-Percentage Blends (E85)
2.10 Discussion
2.10.1 Experimental Results
2.10.2 Gasifier and Syngas Cleaning
2.10.3 Reactor Design
2.10.4 Energy- Efficient Distilling
Chapter 3: Biological Conversion of Syngas into Methane
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Objectives and Introduction
3.1.2 Current Drawbacks for the Catalytic Pathway Towards Methane
3.2 Selection of Bacteria Strains
3.2.1 Methanogenic Bacteria
3.2.2 Acetate-Producing Bacteria
3.2.3 Water-Gas Shift Bacteria
3.3 Metabolism and Reaction Pathways
3.3.1 Similarities with Anaerobic Digestion Systems
3.3.2 Metabolism
3.3.3 The Indirect Acetate Pathway
3.3.4 Directly Methane-Producing Tricultures
3.3.5 Bacteria Cultivation and Medium Preparation
3.4 Selection of Bioreactors
3.4.1 Common Bioreactor Types
3.4.2 Selection of Bioreactors for the Intended Process
3.5 Syngas Cleaning and Product-Gas Purification
3.5.1 Syngas Composition and Cleaning
3.5.2 Product-Gas Purification into SNG
3.5.3 Typical SNG Quality Demands
3.6 Technical Feasibility
3.6.1 General Assumptions
3.6.2 Theoretical Reaction Schemes for two Gasifier Types
3.6.3 Process Design for the Indirect Acetate Pathway
3.6.4 Process Design for the Direct Triculture Pathway
3.6.5 Mass Balance and Process Energy Efficiency
3.6.6 Comparison of the Biological and the Catalytical Pathway Towards SNG
3.7 Economical Analysis
3.7.1 Value of SNG
3.7.2 Cash-Flow Calculations for the Biological and Catalytical Pathway
3.7.3 Impact of Fuel Purchasing Price
3.8 Discussion
3.8.1 Bacteria
3.8.2 Process- Design Options
3.8.3 Energy Efficiency
3.8.4 Economical Analysis
Chapter 4: Enzymatic Biodiesel
4.1 First-Generation Biodiesel Production
4.2 Suitable Feedstock for Biodiesel Processes
4.3 Introduction into Enzymatic Biodiesel Production
4.4 Lipase-Catalysed Production of Biodiesel Fuel
4.4.1 Types of Lipase
4.4.2 Lipase-Catalysed Preparation of Biodiesel from Jatropha ail in a Solvent-Free System
4.4.3 Lipase-Catalysed Biodiesel Production from Soybean ail
4.4.4 Conversion of Degummed Soybean ail to Biodiesel Fuel
4.4.5 Lipase-Catalysed Transesterification of Rapeseed ails
4.4.6 Lipase-Catalysed Alcoholysis of Sunfiower ail
4.4.7 Rhizopus Oryzae Cell-Catalysed Transesterification of Vegetable ails for Biodiesel Production
4.5 Production of Biodiesel with Immobilised Lipase
4.5.1 Lipase Immobilisation Techniques
4.5.2 Use of Immobilised Candida sp. for Methanolysis to Produce Biodiesel
4.5.3 Immobilised Candida antarctica Lipase for Biodiesel Production
4.5.4 Rhizopus Oryzae Cells Immobilised Within Biomass Support Particles
4.6 Basic Reaction Route for Low-Glycerol Biodiesel Production
4.6.1 Production of Monoglycerides by Enzymatic Transesterification
4.6.2 Enzymatic Production of Glycerol-Free Biodiesel
4.7 Experimental Work
4.7.1 Enzyme Selection
4.7.2 Experimental Setup
4.7.3 Quantitative GC-FID Analyses
4.7.4 Experimental Results
4.7.5 Follow-Up Experimental Results with Thermonyces lanuginoses
4.8 Glycerol-Free Biodiesel Application as a Transportation Fuel
4.8.1 Diesel and Biodiesel Fuel Standards
4.9 Enzymatic Biodiesel Application as a Transportation Fuel
4.9.1 Basic Process Design
4.9.2 Technical and Economical Feasibility for the Enzymatic Biodiesel
4.10 Discussion
Chapter 5: Concluding Remarks
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