Chapter 1 Energy
Definition
Energy Need
Energy Retained
Energetic Efficiency
Utilizable Energy
Thermogenesis
Abnormal Energy States
Starvation and Undernutrition
Protein-Energy Malnutrition
Trauma and Energy Needs
Obesity
Body Composition
Set Point Theory in Body Weight Regulation
Morbidity of Severely Obese People
Treatment of Obesity
Drugs for the Treatment of Obesity
Ref[...]
Chapter 1 Energy
Definition
Energy Need
Energy Retained
Energetic Efficiency
Utilizable Energy
Thermogenesis
Abnormal Energy States
Starvation and Undernutrition
Protein-Energy Malnutrition
Trauma and Energy Needs
Obesity
Body Composition
Set Point Theory in Body Weight Regulation
Morbidity of Severely Obese People
Treatment of Obesity
Drugs for the Treatment of Obesity
References
Chapter 2 Regulation of Food Intake
Psychological Aspects of Food Intake
Physiological Aspects of Food Intake
Sensory Perception of Food
Appearance
Texture
Smell (Olfaction) and Taste (Gustation)
Neuronal SignaIs for Hunger and Satiety
Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia
Abnormal Appetite: Pica
References
Chapter 3 Nutritional Biochemistry
Glycolysis
Hexose Monophosphate Shunt
Interconversion of Dietary Sugars
Fructose
Galactose
Mannose
Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Cori and Alanine Cycles
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Mitochondrial Structure and Function
Respiration and the Citric Acid Cycle
Respiratory Chain
ATP Synthesis
Uncoupling Proteins
Metabolic Control: Oxidative Phosphorylation
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Fatty Acid Synthesis
Fatty Acid Elongation
Fatty Acid Desaturation
Fatty Acid Esterification
Fatty Acid Oxidation
Cholesterol Synthesis
Amino Acid Catabolism
Amino Acid Derivatives
Creatine Phosphate
Choline
Polyamines
References
Chapter 4 Cell Cycle, Life Cycle
Cell Structure and Function
Receptors
Signal Systems
Cell Differentiation
Apoptosis
Life Cycle
Growth and Development
Aging
References
Chapter 5 Nutrigenomics and Epigenetics
Gene Expression
Gene Structure
Mutations or Polymorphisms
Synthesis of Purines and Pyrimidines
Transcription
Epigenetic Control of Chromatin Structure and Function
Genetic Diseases of Interest to Nutrition
References
Chapter 6 Protein
Amino Acids
Chemistry
Stereochemistry
Acid - Based Properties
Reactions
Amino Acid Derivatives
Creatine Phosphate
Choline
Polyamines
Peptides
Protein Structure
Protein Denaturation
Classification of Proteins
Classification by Solubility and Prosthetic Groups
Glycoproteins
Lipoproteins
Nucleoproteins
Other Conjugated Proteins
Classification by Function
Classification by Nutritive Value
Protein Analysis
Biological Value of Dietary Protein (BV)
Protein Use
Digestion
Absorption
Metabolism
Hormones: Regulators of Protein Metabolism
Protein Turnover
Protein Degradation
Functions of Proteins
Proteins as Enzymes
Proteins as Carriers and Receptors
Proteins as Regulators of Water Balance
Proteins as Biological Buffers
Proteins as Structural Elements and Structural Units
Proteins as Lubricants
Proteins in the Immune System
Proteins as Signaling Molecules
Protein Intake Recommendations Age
Environmental Temperature
Previous Diet
Physical Activity
Protein Deficiency
Kwashiorkor
Marasmus
Protein and Amino Acid Interactions with Other Nutrients
Vegetarian Diets
Renal Disease
Integration of the Metabolic Features of Protein Nutrition
References
Chapter 7 Carbohydrates
Classification
Structure and Nomenclature
Monosaccharides
Stereoisomeric Forms
Anomeric Forms
Oligosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Storage Polysaccharides
Structural Polysaccharides
Mucopolysaccharides
Sources of Carbohydrate
Digestion and Absorption
Metabolism
Glucose Homeostasis
Abnormalities in the Regulation of Glucose Homeostasis: Diabetes Mellitus
Prevalence of Diabetes
The Glucose Tolerance Test
Definition of Different Types of Diabetes Based on Management
Genetics and Diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes (Autoimmune Diabetes)
Pancreatic Islet bêtaCell Failure
Autoimmune Disease
Diabetes Secondary to Viral Infections
Insulin Release
Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY)
Genetic Errors in Insulin Structure
Mitochondrial Diabetes
Peripheral Insulin Resistance
Animal Models for Humans with Type 2 Diabetes
Population Surveys Relating Diet to Diabetes
Prospective Studies Linking Food Intake to a Reduction in Type 2 Diabetes
Dietary Intervention in Diabetes
Other Intervention Studies
Overall Management of Both Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes
Other Health Concerns in Carbohydrate Nutrition
Fiber
Ethanol
Carbohydrate Needs
References
Chapter 8 Lipids
Classification
Structure and Nomenclature
Simple Lipids
Fatty Acids
Triacyglycerols (Fats or Triglycerides)
Sources of Lipids
Digestion and Absorption
Transport
Endogenous Lipid Transport
Genetic Basis for Lipoproteinemia
Nutrient-Gene Interactions in Lipid Transport
Function
Essential Fatty Acids
Eicosanoid Synthesis
Fatty Acid Autooxidation
Nutrition, Inflammation, and Chronic Disease
The Injury Cycle
Relationship of Inflammation to Chronic Disease
Aging and Free Radicals
Marine Oils and Health Concerns
Lipids and Membrane Function
Membrane Phospholipid Composition
Disease Effects on Membrane Lipids
Hormonal Effects on Membrane Lipids
Age Effects on Membrane Lipids
Membrane Function
Cancer and Dietary Fat
Other Diseases
References
Chapter 9 Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin A
Structure and Nomenclature
Chemical Properties
Biopotency
Sources
Metabolism of Vitamin A
Functions
Hypervitaminosis A
Vitamin Degradation and Excretion
Need
Vitamin D
Structure and Nomenclature
Physical /Chemical Properties
Biopotency
Methods of Assay
International Units (lU)
Metabolism
Absorption
Transport
Metabolism
Function
Regulation of Serum Calcium Levels
Vitamin D Deficiency
Hypervitaminosis D
Need
Vitamin E
Structure and Nomenclature
International Units and Methods of Analysis
Chemical and Physical Properties
Sources
Metabolism
Absorption and Transport
Intracellular Transport and Storage
Catabolism and Excretion
Function
Hypervitaminosis E
Deficiency
Need
Vitamin K
Structure and Nomenclature
Biopotency
Chemical and Physical Properties
Chemical Assays
Bioassays
Biosynthesis
Antagonists, Antivitamins
Absorption
Metabolism and Function
Deficiency
Sources
Need
References
Chapter 10 Water-Soluble Vitamins
Ascorbic Acid
Structure, Physical, and Chemical Properties
Sources
Absorption and Metabolism
Distribution
Function
Deficiency (Scurvy)
Toxicity
Need
Thiamin
Structure
Thiamin Antagonists
Assays for Thiamin
Sources
Absorption and Metabolism
Biological Function
Deficiency
Need
Toxicity
Riboflavin
Structure, Chemical, and Physical Properties
Sources
Assay
Absorption and Metabolism
Function
Deficiency
Need
Niacin, Nicotinic Acid
Structure, Physical, and Chemical Properties
Sources
Absorption and Metabolism
Function
Deficiency
Need
Pyridoxine
Structure, Physical, and Chemical Properties
Sources
Absorption and Metabolism
Function
Deficiency
Need
Pantothenic Acid
Structure, Chemical, and Physical Properties
Sources
Absorption and Metabolism
Function
Deficiency Symptoms
Need
Biotin
Structure, Physical, and Chemical Properties
Sources
Absorption and Metabolism
Function
Deficiency
Need
Folic Acid
Structure, Chemical, and Physical Properties
Sources
Absorption and Metabolism
Function
Deficiency
Need
Vitamin B12
Structure, Physical, and Chemical Properties
Absorption and Metabolism
Function
Deficiency
Need
Carnitine
Structure, Physical, and Chemical Properties
Sources
Absorption and Metabolism
Function
Deficiency
Choline
Structure, Physical, and Chemical Properties
Sources
Absorption and Metabolism
Function
Deficiency
Need
lnositol
Structure, Physical, and Chemical Properties
Absorption and Metabolism
Function
Deficiency
Need
Other Compounds That Mayor May Not Be Vitamins
Pyrroloquinoline Quinone
Ubiquinone
Orotic Acid
Para Amino Benzoic Acid (PABA)
Lipoic Acid
Bioflavinoids
Pseudovitamins
References
Chapter 11 Macrominerals
Sodium
Regulation of Serum Sodium
Function
Potassium
Chloride
Function
Calcium
Sources
Food Mixtures
Bioavailability
Apparent Absorption
Physiological Status
Mechanisms of Absorption
Calcium Transport, Blood Calcium Regulation
Function
Cell Signaling
Calcium and Cell Death
Muscle Contraction
Calcium Deficiency
Need
Phosphorus
Function
Magnesium
Absorption, Metabolism, Excretion
Function
Deficiency
Need
References
Chapter 12 Trace MineraIs
Essential Microminerals
Trace Mineral Toxicity
Antagonisms and Interactions among Trace MineraIs
Iron
Absorption, Excretion, Metabolism
lron-Containing Materials in the Body
Iron Needs
Iron Deficiency (Anemia)
Pharmacological Treatment of lron Deficiency
Toxicology
Zinc
Absorption, Metabolism, Excretion
Function
Storage
Zinc Interactions
Deficiency
Status
Copper
Absorption, Metabolism, Excretion
Function
Deficiency
Abnormal Copper Status
Selenium
Absorption, Excretion, Metabolism
Function
Selenium-Mineral Interactions
Deficiency
Toxicity
Iodine (Iodide)
Absorption, Metabolism, Excretion
Deficiency
Need
Molybdenum
Absorption and Excretion Function
Food Sources and Recommended Intake
Manganese
Absorption and Excretion Function
Food Sources, Recommended Intake
Toxicity
Cobalt
Toxicity, Mineral Interactions
Other MineraIs
References
Glossary
Index
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