Infodoc : Sciences, Techniques et Culture

Part 1: Alginates—Introduction, Characterization and Properties
1 Alginates: General Introduction and Properties
Rutika Sehgal, Akshita Mehta and Reena Gupta
1.1 Introduction
1.2 History
1.3 Structure
1.4 Alginates and Their Properties
1.4.1 Gel Formation
1.4.1.1 Ionic Alginate Gels
1.4.1.2 Alginic Acid Gels
1.4.2 Molecular Weight
1.4.3 Solubility and Viscosity
1.4.4 Ionic Cross-Linking
1.4.5 Chemical[...]

Part 1: Alginates—Introduction, Characterization and Properties
1 Alginates: General Introduction and Properties
Rutika Sehgal, Akshita Mehta and Reena Gupta
1.1 Introduction
1.2 History
1.3 Structure
1.4 Alginates and Their Properties
1.4.1 Gel Formation
1.4.1.1 Ionic Alginate Gels
1.4.1.2 Alginic Acid Gels
1.4.2 Molecular Weight
1.4.3 Solubility and Viscosity
1.4.4 Ionic Cross-Linking
1.4.5 Chemical Properties
1.5 Sources
1.6 Biosynthesis of Bacterial Alginate
1.6.1 Precursor Synthesis
1.6.2 Polymerization and Cytoplasmic Membrane Transfer
1.6.3 Periplasmic Transfer and Modification
1.6.3.1 Transacetylases
1.6.3.2 Mannuronan C 5-Epimerases
1.6.3.3 Lyases
1.6.5 Export through the Outer Membrane
1.7 Conclusion
2 Alginates Production, Characterization and Modification
Pintu Pandit, T. N. Gayatri and Baburaj Regubalan
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Alginate: Production
2.2.1 Screening of Alginate-Producing Microbes
2.2.2 Production of Alginate by Bacteria
2.2.3 Production of Alginate by Pseudomonas
2.2.4 Production of Alginate by Azotobacter spp.
2.2.5 Influence of Medium Components
2.2.5.1 Effect of Nutrients on Bacterial Alginate Production
2.2.5.2 Effect of Phosphate on Bacterial Alginate Production
2.2.5.3 Effect of Dissolved Oxygen on Bacterial Alginate Production
2.2.5.4 Effect of Agitation in the Medium for the Production of Alginate
2.2.6 Commercial Production of Alginate
2.3 Characterization of Physicochemical Properties of Alginate
2.3.1 Composition of Alginate Polymer Chai
2.3.2 XRD, FTIR, and NMR Spectroscopy for Alginate Structure Analysis
2.3.3 Rheology and Mechanical Characterization of Alginate Gels and Solutions
2.4 Modification of Alginates
2.4.1 Chemical Modification
2.4.2 Oxidation
2.4.3 Sulfation
2.4.4 Phosphorylation
2.4.5 Graft Copolymerization
2.4.6 Esterification
2.4.7 Carbodiimide Coupling
2.4.8 Covalent Cross-Linking
2.5 Future Perspectives
2.6 Conclusions
3 Alginate: Recent Progress and Technological Prospects
Tanvir Arfin and Kamini Sonawane
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Structure
3.3 Sources
3.4 Characteristics of Alginate Salts
3.5 Properties
3.6 Applications
3.7 Future Perspectives
3.8 Advantages
3.9 Disadvantages
3.10 Conclusion
4 Alginate Hydrogel and Aerogel
Ajith James Jose, Kavya Mohan and Alice Vavachan
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Alginate Hydrogel
4.2.1 Preparation of Alginate Hydrogels
4.2.1.1 Ionic Cross-Linking
4.2.1.2 Covalent Cross-Linking
4.2.1.3 Thermal Gelation
4.2.1.4 Cell Cross-Linking
4.2.2 Biomedical Applications
4.2.2.1 Pharmaceutical Applications
4.2.3 Tissue Regeneration with Protein and Cell Delivery
4.2.3.1 Blood Vessels
4.2.3.2 Bones
4.2.3.3 Cartilage
4.2.3.4 Muscle, Nerve, Pancreas, and Liver
4.3 Alginate Aerogel
4.3.1 Properties of Alginate Aerogels
4.3.1.1 Bulk Density and Pore Volume
4.3.1.2 Specific Surface Area
4.3.1.3 Compressibility
4.3.1.4 Thermal Conductivity and Absorption
4.3.2 Preparative Methods
4.4 Future Perspective
Part 2: Alginates in Biomedical Applications
5 Alginate in Biomedical Applications
Luiz Pereira da Costa
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Chemical Structure and Properties of Alginate
5.3 Types of Interaction of Alginate
5.4 Biomedical Application of Alginates
5.5 Future Perspective of the Use and Biomedical Applications
6 Alginates in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Application: A Critique
Vivek Dave, Kajal Tak, Chavi Gupta, Kanika Verma and Swapnil Sharma
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Structure of Alginate
6.3 Different Types of Alginates Used in Pharmaceutical Industries
6.4 Properties of Alginate
6.5 Pathway for the Biosynthesis of Alginate
6.6 Regulatory Consideration of Alginate
6.7 Applications
6.7.1 Other Applications
6.8 Conclusion
7 Alginates in Evolution of Restorative Dentistry
S.C. Onwubu, P.S. Mdluli, S. Singh and Y. Ngombane
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Method of Alginate Extraction
7.3 Evolution of Alginate in Restorative Dentistry
7.3.1 Problems with Conventional Alginate
7.3.2 Current Trends and Modification of Alginate
7.3.2.1 Extended Pour Time Alginate
7.3.2.2 Dust-Free Alginates
7.3.2.3 Infection-Free Alginates
7.3.2.4 High Viscosity Alginates
7.3.2.5 Alginates in Two Pastes Form
7.3.2.6 Tray Adhesive Alginates
7.4 The Art of Impression Taking Using Alginates
7.4.1 Selection of Impression Trays
7.4.2 Mixing and Loading Alginates
7.4.3 Preparation of the Oral Cavity before Impression Taking
7.4.4 Impression Taking Using Alginate Material
7.4.5 Removal and Inspection of Alginate Ma
7.4.6 Effects of Cast Production Techniques
7.5 Conclusions
8 Alginates in Drug Delivery
Srijita Basumallick
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Chemistry of Alginates
8.2.1 Hydrogel Formation by Alginates
8.2.1.1 Preparation of Hydrogel
8.3 Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Chemistry of Alginates
8.3.1 Factors Governing Drug Encapsulation and Drug Delivery Processes
8.3.1.1 Delivery and Encapsulation of Small Drugs
8.3.1.2 Macromolecular Drug Delivery by Alginates
8.4 Conclusions
9 Alginate in Wound Care
Satyaranjan Bairagi and S. Wazed Ali
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Sources and Synthesis of Alginate
9.3 Physicochemical Properties of the Alginate Biopolymer
9.4 Biomedical Applications of Alginate
9.4.1 Alginate in Wound Care
9.4.1.1 Pure Alginate Polymer-Based Wound Dressing
9.4.1.2 Intercellular Mediators Incorporated Alginate Polymer-Based Wound Dressing
9.4.1.3 Zinc/Alginate- and Silver/Alginate-Based Wound Dressing
9.4.1.4 Chitosan/Alginate- and Collagen/ Alginate-Based Wound Dressing
9.4.1.5 Alginate Fiber-Based Wound Dressing
9.4.1.6 Alginate Hydrogel-Based Wound Dressing
9.5 Opportunities and Future Thrust
10 Alginate-Based Biomaterials for Bio-Medical Applications
Reena Antil, Ritu Hooda, Minakshi Sharm and Pushpa Dahiya
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Alginate: General Properties
10.2.1 Chemical Properties, Structure, and Characterization
10.3 Extraction and Preparation
10.3.1 Gelation and Cross-Linking of Alginate
10.3.2 Ionic Cross-Linking
10.3.3 External Gelation
10.3.4 Internal Gelation
10.3.5 Covalent Cross-Linking
10.3.6 Large Bead Preparation
10.3.7 Microbead Preparation
10.4 Alginate Hydrogels
10.5 Photocross-Linking
10.6 Shape-Memory Alginate Scaffolds
10.7 Biodegradation of Alginate
10.8 Biomedical Application of Alginates
10.8.1 Controlled Chemical and Protein Drug Delivery
10.8.2 Wound/Injury Dressings
10.8.3 Cell Culture
10.8.4 Tissue Regeneration
Part 3: Alginates in Food Industry
11 Alginates for Food Packaging Applications
Radhika Theagarajan, Sayantani Dutta, J.A. Moses and C. Anandharamakrishnan
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Biopolymer in Food Industry
11.3 Alginates in Food Packaging
11.4 Biosynthesis of Alginate
11.5 Application of Alginate in Formation of Biofilm
11.5.1 Preparation of Packaging Films
11.5.2 Role of Alginate in Biofilm Formation
11.6 Packaging Properties of Alginate
11.6.1 Thermostability of Alginate Packaging
11.6.2 Water Solubility
11.6.3 Water Vapor Permeability
11.6.4 Tensile Strength
11.6.5 Oxygen Permeability
11.6.6 Barrier Property
11.6.7 Antimicrobial Activity
11.7 Effect of Alginate on the Quality of Food
11.8 Interaction between Food and Alginates
11.9 Environmental Effects on Alginate Packaging
11.10 Market Outlook
11.11 Conclusion
12 Potential Application of Alginates in the Beverage Industry
S. Vijayalakshmi, S.K. Sivakamasundari, J.A. Moses and C. Anandharamakrishnan
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Alginate Source
12.3 Extraction of Alginates
12.4 Physical, Chemical and Functional Properties of Alginate
12.5 Uses as a Food Additive/Ingredient
12.6 Alginate as Stabilizer
12.7 As Encapsulating Wall Material
12.7.1 Immobilization of Biocatalysts
12.7.2 Probiotics
12.7.3 Improvement of the Alginate Encapsulation: Prebiotics Addition
12.8 Conclusion
13 Alginates in Comestibles
Ashwini Ravi, S. Vijayanand, Velu Rajeshkannan, S. Aisverya, K. Sangeetha, P.N. Sudha and J. Hemapriya
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Alginates in Agricultural Marketing
13.3 Use of Alginates in Food Industry
13.3.1 Thickeners and Gelling Agents
13.3.2 Stabilizers and Emulsifiers
13.3.3 Texturizers
13.3.4 Encapsulation
13.3.5 Food Coating
13.4 Use of Alginates for Pets
13.5 Effect of Dietary Alginates
13.6 Alginate Safety
13.7 Conclusion
Part 4: Alginates Future Prospects
14 Alginates: Current Uses and Future Perspective
Ashwini Ravi, S. Vijayanand, G. Ramya, A. Shyamala, Velu Rajeshkannan, S. Aisverya, P.N. Sudha and J. Hemapriya
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Sources of Alginate Synthesis
14.2.1 Brown Seaweeds
14.2.2 Bacteria
14.3 Synthesis of Alginate
14.3.1 Alginate Biosynthesis Gene
14.4 Properties of Alginates
14.4.1 Molecular Weight
14.4.2 Solubility
14.4.3 Stability
14.4.4 Ionic Binding Property
14.4.5 Gel Formation Ability
14.4.6 Biological Properties
14.5 Application of Alginates
14.6 Future Perspectives of Alginates
14.6.1 3D-Based Cell Culture Systems
14.6.2 Impressions
14.6.3 Cell-Based Microparticles
14.6.4 Alginate Oligosaccharides
14.6.5 Drug Targeting
14.6.6 Nanoparticulate Systems
14.7 Conclusion