Infodoc : Sciences, Techniques et Culture

1 Introduction
2 Van der Waals Forces
2.1 Van der Waals Forces Between Molecules
2.1.1 Coulomb Interaction
2.1.2 Monopole-Dipole Interaction
2.1.3 Dipole-Dipole Interaction
2.1.3.1 Keesom Interaction
2;1.3.2 Debye Interaction
2.1.3.3 London Dispersion Interaction
2.2 The Van der Waals Force Between Macroscopie Solids
2.2.1 Microscopic or Hamaker Approach
2.2.2 Macroscopic Calculation: Lifshitz Theory
2.2.2.1[...]

1 Introduction
2 Van der Waals Forces
2.1 Van der Waals Forces Between Molecules
2.1.1 Coulomb Interaction
2.1.2 Monopole-Dipole Interaction
2.1.3 Dipole-Dipole Interaction
2.1.3.1 Keesom Interaction
2;1.3.2 Debye Interaction
2.1.3.3 London Dispersion Interaction
2.2 The Van der Waals Force Between Macroscopie Solids
2.2.1 Microscopic or Hamaker Approach
2.2.2 Macroscopic Calculation: Lifshitz Theory
2.2.2.1 Combining Relations for Hamaker Constants
2.2.3 Surface Energy and Hamaker Constant
2.3 The Derjaguin Approximation
2.3.1 The General Equation
2.3.2 Van der Waals Forces for Different Geometries
2.4 Retarded Van der Waals Forces
2.4.1 Screening of Van der Waals Forces in Electrolytes
2.5 Measurement of Van der Waals Forces
2.6 The Casimir Force
2.6.1 Casimir Forces Between Metal Surfaces
2.6.2 Critical Casimir Force
3.1 Experimental Methods
3.1 Surface Forces Apparatus
3.1.1 Mica
3.1.2 Multiple Beam Interferometry
3.1.3 Friction Force Measurements
3.1.4 Surface Modification
3.2 Atomic Force Microscope
3.2.1 Force Measurements with the AFM
3.2.2 AFM Cantilevers
3.2.3 Calibration of the Spring Constant
3.2.4 Microfabricated Tips and Colloidal Probes
3.2.5 Friction Forces
3.2.6 Force Maps
3.2.7 Dynamic Modes
3.3 Optical Tweezers
3.3.1 Calibration
3.3.2 Multiple Traps
3.4 Total Internal Reflection Microscopy
3.5 Magnetic Tweezers
4 Electrostatic Double-Layer Forces
4.1 The Electric Double Layer
4.2 Poisson-Boltzmann Theory of the Diffuse Double Layer
4.2.1 The Poisson-Boltzmann Equation
4.2.2 Planar Surfaces
4.2.3 The Full One-Dimensional Case
4.2.4 The Electric Double-layer Around a Sphere
4.2.5 The Grahame Equation
4.2.6 Capacity of the Diffuse Electric Double Layer
4.3 Beyond Poisson-Boltzmann Theory
4.3.1 Limitations of the Poisson-Boltzmann Theory
4.3.2 The Stern Layer
4.4 The Gibbs Energy of the Electric Double Layer
4.5 The Electrostatic Double-Layer Force
4.5.1 General Equations
4.5.2 Electrostatic Interaction Between Two Identical Surfaces
4.5.3 Electrostatic Interaction Between Different Surfaces
4.6 The DLVO Theory
4.7 Electrostatic Forces in Nonpolar Media
5 Capillary Forces
5.1 Equation of Young and Laplace
5.2 Kelvin Equation and Capillary Condensation
5.2.1 Capillary Condensation
5.3 The Young's Equation
5.4 Capillary Forces Calculated with the Circular Approximation
5.4.1 Capillary Force Between a Sphere and a Plane
5.4.2 Two Different Spheres
5.4.3 Other Geometries
5.4.4 Assumptions and Limits
5.5 Influence of Roughness
5.6 Kinetics of Capillary Bridge Formation and Rupture
5.7 Capillary Forces in Immiscible liquid Mixtures and Other Systems
5.8 Lateral Forces Between Particles at a Fluid Interface
6 Hydrodynamic Forces
6.1 Fundamentals of Hydrodynamics
6.1.1 The Navier-Stokes Equation
6.1.2 Laminar and Turbulent Flow
6.1.3 Creeping Flow
6.2 Hydrodynamic Force between a Solid Sphere and a Plate
6.2.1 Force in Normal Direction
6.2.2 Force on a Sphere in Contact with a Plate in Linear Shear Flow
6.2.3 Motion of a Sphere Parallel to a Wall
6.3 Hydrodynamic Boundary Condition
6.4 Gibbs Adsorption Isotherm
6.5 Hydrodynamic Forces Between Fluid Boundaries
7 Interfacial Forces Between Fluid Interfaces and Across Thin Films
7.1 Overview
7.2 The Disjoining Pressure
7.3 Drainage
7.3.1 Vertical Foam Films
7.3.2 Horizontal Foam Films
7.4 Thin Film Balance
7.5 Interfacial Forces Across Foam and Emulsion Films
7.5.1 Shape of a Liquid Film
7.5.2 Quasiequilibrium
7.5.3 Rupture
7.6 Thin Wetting Films
7.6.1 Stability of Thin Films
7.6.2 Rupture of Thin Films
8 Contact Mechanics and Adhesion
8.1 Surface Energy of Solids
8.1.1 Relation Between Surface Energy and Adhesion Energy
8.1.2 Determination of Surface Energies of Solids
8.2 Contact Mechanics
8.2.1 Elastic Contact for a Flat Punch
8.2.2 Adherence of a Flat Punch (Kendall)
8.2.3 Elastic Contact of Spheres: Hertz, Model
8.2.4 Adhesion of Spheres: JKR Theory
8.2.5 Adhesion of Spheres: DMT Theory
8.2.6 Adhesion of Spheres: Maugis Theory
8.3 Influence of Surface Roughness
8.4 Adhesion Force Measurements
9 Friction
9.1 Macroscopic Friction
9.1.1 Dry Friction
9.1.1.1 Amontons' and Coulomb's Law
9.1.1.2 Sliding on Ice
9.1.1.3 Static, Kinetic, and Stick-Slip Frietion
9.1.2 Rolling Friction
9.1.3 Friction and Adhesion
9.1.4 Techniques to Measure Friction
9.2 Lubrication
9.2.1 Hydrodynamic Lubrication
9.2.1.1 Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication
9.2.2 Boundary Lubrication
9.3. Microscopic Friction: Nanotribology
9.3.1 Single Asperity Friction
9.3.2 Atomic Stick-Slip
9.3.3 Velocity Dependence of Nanoscale Friction
9.3.4 Superlubricity
9.3.5 Thin Film Lubrication
10 Solvation Forces and Non-DLVO Forces in Water
10.1 Solvation Forces
10.1.1 Contact Theorem,
10.1.2 Solvation Forces in Simple Liquids
10.1.3 Solvation Forces in Liquid Crystals
10.2 Non-DLVO Forces in an Aqueous Medium
10.2.1 Hydration Forces
10.2.2 Hydrophobic Force
10.2.2.1 The Hydrophobic Effect
10.2.2.2 Hydrophobic Forces
10.3 The Interaction Between Lipid Bilayers
10.3.1 Lipids
10.3.2 The Osmotic Stress Method
10.3.3 Forces Between Lipid Bilayers
10.4 Force Between Surfaces with Adsorbed Molecules
11 Surface Forces in Polymer Solutions and Melts
11.1 Properties of Polymers
11.2 Polymer Solutions
11.2.1 Ideal Chains
11.2.2 Real Chains in a Good Solvent
11.2.3 Stretching Individual Chains
11.3 Steric Repulsion
11.4 Polymer-Induced Forces in Solutions
11.5 Bridging Attraction
11.6 Depletion and Structural Forces
11.7 lnterfacial Forces in Polymer Melts