1 Volatiles – An Interdisciplinary Approach
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Geraniol – A Typical Example
1.3 Conclusion
2 Biosynthesis and Emission of Isoprene, Methylbutanol and Other Volatile Plant Isoprenoids
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Plant Isoprenoids
2.3 Two IPP-Yielding Pathways in Plants
2.4 Prenyl Chain Formation and Elongation
2.5 Compartmentation of Plant Isoprenoid Biosynthesis
2.6 The Enzyme Steps of the Plastidic DOXP/MEP Pa[...]
1 Volatiles – An Interdisciplinary Approach
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Geraniol – A Typical Example
1.3 Conclusion
2 Biosynthesis and Emission of Isoprene, Methylbutanol and Other Volatile Plant Isoprenoids
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Plant Isoprenoids
2.3 Two IPP-Yielding Pathways in Plants
2.4 Prenyl Chain Formation and Elongation
2.5 Compartmentation of Plant Isoprenoid Biosynthesis
2.6 The Enzyme Steps of the Plastidic DOXP/MEP Pathway of IPP Formation
2.7 Cross-Talk Between the Two IPP Biosynthesis Pathways
2.9 Inhibition of Isoprene Biosynthesis
2.10 Inhibition of Carotenoid and Chlorophyll Biosynthesis by Fosmidomycin and 5-Ketoclomazone
2.11 Biosynthesis and Emission of Methylbutenol at High Irradiance
2.12 Source of Pyruvate for Isoprene and Methylbutenol Biosynthesis
2.13 Branching Point of DOXP/MEP Pathway with Other Metabolic Chloroplast Pathways
2.14 Is There a Physiological Function of Isoprene and MBO Emission?
2.15 Biosynthesis and Emission of Monoterpenes, Sesquiterpenes and Diterpenes
2.16 Some General Remarks on the Regulation of Terpene Biosynthesis in Plants
2.17 Volatile Terpenoids as Aroma Compounds of Wine
2.18 Function of Terpenes in Plant Defence
2.19 Conclusion
3 Analysis of the Plant Volatile Fraction
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Sample Preparation
3.3 Analysis
3.4 Further Developments
3.5 Conclusion
4 Plant Volatile Signalling: Multitrophic Interactions in the Headspace
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The Specificity and Complexity of Herbivore-Induced VOC Production
4.3 Ecological Consequences of VOC Emission
4.4 Conclusion
5 Pheromones in Chemical Communication
5.1 Introduction
5.2 History of Pheromone Research
5.3 Research Techniques in Pheromone Science
5.4 Structural Diversity Among Pheromones
5.5 Complexity of Multicomponent Pheromones
5.6 Stereochemistry and Pheromone Activity
5.7 Pheromones With Kairomonal Activities
5.8 Mammalian Pheromones
5.9 Invention of Pheromone Mimics
5.10 Conclusion
6 Use of Volatiles in Pest Control
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Repellents (DEET, Neem, Essential Oils)
6.3 Volatile Synthetic Chemicals and Fumigants
6.4 Pheromones
6.5 Volatile Allelochemicals
6.6 Plant Volatiles and Behavioural Modification of Beneficial Insects
6.7 Concluding Comments
7 Challenges in the Synthesis of Natural and Non-Natural Volatiles
7.1 Introduction – The Art of Organic Synthesis
7.2 Overcoming Challenges in the Small-Scale Synthesis of Natural Volatile Compounds
7.3 Overcoming Challenges in the Large-Scale Synthesis of Nature Identical and Non-Natural Molecules
7.4 Remaining Challenges in the Large-Scale Synthesis of Natural and Non-Natural Volatiles
7.5 Design and Synthesis of Novel Odorants and Potential Industrial Routes to a Natural Product
7.6 Other Challenges
7.7 Conclusion
8 The Biosynthesis of Volatile Sulfur Flavour Compounds
8.1 Introduction: Flavours as Secondary Metabolites
8.2 Sulfur in Plant Biology
8.3 Sulfur Compounds as Flavour Volatiles
8.4 The Alk(en)yl Cysteine Sulfoxide Flavour Precursors
8.5 Biosynthesis of the Flavour Precursors of Allium
8.6 Formation of Volatiles from CSOs
8.7 The Allium Flavour Volatiles
8.8 The Enzyme Alliinase
8.9 The Enzyme Lachrymatory Factor Synthase
8.10 The Biological Roles of the Flavour Precursors
8.11 The Glucosinolate Flavour Precursors
8.12 GS and Their Biosynthetic Pathways
8.13 Release of Volatile GS Hydrolysis Products
8.14 The Biological Role of Glucosinolates
8.15 Application of Transgenic Technology to Applied Aspects of GS Biosynthesis
8.16 Volatile Sulfur Compounds from Other Plants
8.17 Conclusion
9 Thermal Generation of Aroma-Active Volatiles in Food
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The Maillard Reaction
9.3 Formation of Aroma Compounds in the Later Stages of the Maillard Reaction
9.4 The Strecker Degradation
9.5 Caramelization
9.6 Thiamin Degradation
9.7 Ferulic Acid Degradation
9.8 Fat Oxidation
9.9 Conclusion
10 Human Olfactory Perception
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Historical Perspective on Olfactory Perception
10.3 Human Olfactory Pathway
10.4 Functional Studies in Human Subjects
10.5 Functional Studies in Brain-Damaged Subjects
10.6 Single Odorants, Binary Mixtures and Complex Odour Objects
10.7 Olfactory Versus Trigeminal Odorant Identification
10.8 Orthonasal Versus Retronasal Odour Perception
10.9 Specific Anosmias
10.10 MHC-Correlated Odour Preferences in Human Subjects
10.11 Odour Deprivation and Odour Perception
10.12 Age-Related Decline in Olfactory Perception
10.13 New Neurons in Adult Brains
10.14 Epidemiological Studies of Human Olfaction
10.15 Active Sampling and Olfactory Perception
10.16 Human Olfactory Imagery
10.17 Top-Down Influences on Olfactory Perception
10.18 Reproductive State and Olfactory Sensitivity
10.19 Olfaction, Hunger and Satiety
10.20 Odour Perception Bias by Odour Names
10.21 Olfaction and Disease States
10.22 Prenatal and Postnatal Influences on Infant Odour/Flavour Preferences
10.23 Future Directions
11 Perfumery – The Wizardry of Volatile Molecules
11.1 The Big Picture
11.2 Wizardry No. 1: Full Holograms Create Real Emotions
11.3 Volatiles Need a Language Wizard
11.4 Wizardry No. 2: The Perfumer in the Jungle of Volatiles to Create Emotions
11.5 Wizardry No. 3: End Results Are Music to the Nose
12 Microencapsulation Techniques for Food Flavour
12.1 Demands
12.2 Microencapsulation in the Food Industry
12.3 Techniques and Materials for Flavour Microencapsulation
12.4 Conclusion and Future Trends
13 Profragrances and Properfumes
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Release of Alcohols
13.3 Release of Carbonyl Derivatives
13.4 Profragrance and Properfume Strategies
13.5 Conclusion
14 Reactions of Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere
14.1 Introduction
14.2 The Relative Importance of Anthropogenic Versus Biogenic VOC Emissions to Atmospheric Chemistry
14.3 Overview of BVOC Oxidation
14.4 The Types of Emitted BVOCs and General Roles in Atmospheric Chemistry
14.5 Gas Phase Oxidation of BVOCs
14.6 Gas Phase Chemistry of BVOCs in Urban and Suburban Airsheds
14.7 Gas Phase Chemistry Within and Above Forests
14.8 BVOC Emissions and SOA Formation
14.9 Conclusion
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