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1 Chemical migration into food: an overview
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Chemical migration and the main factors that control it
1.3 The range and sources of chemicals in food packaging that pose a potential risk
1.4 Health issues
1.5 Key scientific advances - achieved and needed
1.6 Future trends
1.7 Sources of further information and advice
Part 1: Regulation and quality control of chemical migration into f[...]
Contributor contact details
1 Chemical migration into food: an overview
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Chemical migration and the main factors that control it
1.3 The range and sources of chemicals in food packaging that pose a potential risk
1.4 Health issues
1.5 Key scientific advances - achieved and needed
1.6 Future trends
1.7 Sources of further information and advice
Part 1: Regulation and quality control of chemical migration into food
Regulation of food contact materials in the USA
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Regulatory authority
2.3 Regulatory considerations
2.4 Food contact notifications
2.5 Pivotal and emerging issues in FDA's approach to safety assessment
2.6 Conclusions
2.7 Acknowledgements
2.8 References
3: Regulation of food contact materials in the EU
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Community legislation
3.3 Framework regulation
3.4 Plastics
3.5 Other materials
3.6 Control of food contact materials in the EU
3.7 Specific national legislation
3.8 Strengths and drawbacks of EU legislation
3.9 Future trends
3.10 References
4: Traceability and food contact materials
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Regulation of traceability of food contact materials
4.3 Industrial guidelines for traceability of materials and articles for food contact
4.4 Ensuring the traceability of food contact materials
4.5 Case study: traceability of plastic materials for food contact
4.6 Conclusions
4.7 References
Part II: Assessing the risks and improving the safety of food contact materials
5: Compliance testing of chemical migration from food contact materials
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Administrative compliance evaluation
5.3 Conventional experimental compliance testing
5.4 Non-target migration testing
5.5 Future trends and requirements for screening and analysis of migrants
5.6 Sources of further information and advice
5.7 References and further reading
6: Exposure estimation - the missing element for assessing the safety of migrants from food
6.1 Introduction
6.2 What is exposure?
6.3 Who and what should be considered in any exposure assessment?
6.4 What data are needed in order to estimate exposure?
6.5 Obtaining concentration data
6.6 Obtaining food consumption data
6.7 Estimating exposure to migrants from food contact articles
6.8 Conclusions
6.9 Sources of further information and advice
6.10 References and bibliography
7: Toxicology and risk assessment of chemical migrants from food contact materials
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Regulatory framework for food contact materials in the United States
7.3 Safety assessment of food additives
7.4 Safety assessment for non-carcinogenic end points
7.5 Threshold approaches to safety assessment
7.6 Carcinogenicity risk assessment for constituents of food additives
7.7 Structure activity relationship (SAR) analysis in the safety assessment of constituents of food additives
7.8 Qualitative SAR analysis of food additives and constituents
7.9 Quantitative SAR (QSAR) analysis in the safety assessment of constituents
7.10 Safety assessment of carcinogenic constituents of food additives
7.11 Future trends
7.12 References
8: Mathematical modelIing of chemical migration from food contact materials
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Transport equations
8.3 Solutions of the diffusion equation
8.4 The diffusion coefficient
8.5 The partition coefficient
8.6 Possibilities and limitations of migration modelling
8.7 Exercises
8.8 References
Part III: Chemical migration from particular food contact materials
9: Recycled plastics and chemical migration into food
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Legislative aspects
9.3 Special considerations for using recycled materials as food contact materials
9.4 Assessing the safety of recycled food contact materials
9.5 Use of functional barriers
9.6 Sources of further information and advice
9.7 Glossary
9.8 References
10: Plastics and chemical migration into food
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Testing plastics materials for compliance with EU directives
10.3 Properties and composition of plastic FCMs
10.4 Degradation products and impurities
10.5 Future trends
10.6 Sources of further information and advice
10.7 References
11: Metal packaging and chemical migration into food
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Regulation and use of metals as food contact materials
11.3 Special considerations of using metals as FCMs
11.4 Assessing the safety of metal FCMs
11.5 Future trends
11.6 Sources of further information and advice
11.7 References
12: Rubber and chemical migration into food
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Rubber materials and products used in contact with food
12.3 Regulation and the use of rubber as a food contact material
12.4 Special considerations for using rubber as a food contact material
12.5 Assessing the safety of rubber as a food contact material
12.6 Improving the safety of rubber as a food contact material
12.7 Future trends
12.8 Sources of further information and advice
12.9 References
13: Food packaging inks and varnishes and chemical migration into food
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Major concepts
13.3 Inks and ink components
13.4 Regulations and recommendations as regards food packaging
13.5 Problems related to packaging inks
13.6 Testing
13.7 Sources of further information and advice
13.8 References
14: Food packaging adhesives and chemical migration into food
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Examples of adhesive types used in food packaging applications
14.3 Regulation of adhesives
14.4 Chemical migration from food packaging adhesives
14.5 Future trends
14.6 Sources of further information and advice
14.7 References
15: Safety assessment of paper and board used in food packaging
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Regulatory background
15.3 The perceived need for toxicological testing
15.4 Presently available short-term toxicological tests
15.5 The application of short-term tests to paper and board
15.6 Conclusions
15.7 References
16: Chemical migration from multi-Iayer packaging into food
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Regulation and the use of multi-Iayer packaging
16.3 Special considerations about multi-Iayer packaging and chemical migration
16.4 Published data on migration from laminating adhesives16.5 Improving the safety of multi-Iayer packaging with regard to chemical migration
16.6 Sources of further information and advice
16.7 References
17: Chemical migration from active and intelIigent packaging materials into food
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Use of active and intelligent packaging
17.3 Regulation of active and intelligent packaging
17.4 Migration from active and intelligent packaging into foodstuffs
17.5 Future trends and sources of further information
17.6 References
18: Chemical migration from secondary packaging into foods
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Materials in use
18.3 Length of time in secondary packaging
18.4 Legislation and testing
18.5 Chemical migration from secondary packaging materials
18.6 Improving the safety of secondary packaging materials with regard to chemical migration
18.7 Future trends
18.8 Sources of further information and advice
18.9 References
19: Case study: Chemical migration from snack and take-away food packaging
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Definitions
19.3 Usage statistics for snack and take-away foods
19.4 Food packaging materials used for snack and take-away foods
19.5 Chemical migration
19.6 Sources of further information and advice
19.7 References
20 Case study: Poly EthyleneTerephthalate (PET) as a food contact material
20.1 Introduction
20.2 PET manufacture
20.3 PET uses
20.4 Self regulation
20.5 What is PET?
20.6 Monomers - the basic building blocks
20.7 Comonomers - the property changers
20.8 Other comonomers
20.9 Additives - production and processing additives
20.10 Effect additives
20.11 Recycled PET for food contact applications
20.12 PET issues
20.13 Future trends
20.14 Acknowledgements
20.15 References
Index
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