Part 1 Pretreatment and fractionation processes for lignocellulose- to-bioalcohol production
1 Hydrothermal pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Physical comminution
1.3 Hydrothermal pretreatment (liquid hot water and steam)
1.4 Conclusions
1.5 Future trends
1.6 References
2 Thermochemical pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Why is pretreatment necessary for lignocellulosic[...]
Part 1 Pretreatment and fractionation processes for lignocellulose- to-bioalcohol production
1 Hydrothermal pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Physical comminution
1.3 Hydrothermal pretreatment (liquid hot water and steam)
1.4 Conclusions
1.5 Future trends
1.6 References
2 Thermochemical pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Why is pretreatment necessary for lignocellulosics?
2.3 Types of chemical pretreatment
2.4 Comparing effectiveness of leading pretreatments on corn stover and poplar
2.5 Characteristics of an ideal pretreatment
2.6 Conclusions
2.7 Acknowledgements
2.8 References
3 Key features of pretreated lignocellulosic biomass solids and their impact on hydrolysis
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Key substrate features controlling cellulose hydrolysis: crystallinity
3.3 Key substrate features controlling cellulose hydrolysis: degree of polymerization (DP)
3.4 Key substrate features controlling cellulose hydrolysis: hemicellulose and degree of hemicellulose acetylation
3.5 Key substrate features controlling cellulose hydrolysis: lignin
3.6 Conclusions
3.7 Acknowledgements
3.8 References
4 Solvent fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Lignocellulosic biomass
4.3 Cellulose solvent-based Iignocellulose pretreatment
4.4 Future trends
4.5 Sources of further information and advice
4.6 References
Part Il Hydrolysis (saccharification) processes for lignocellulose-to-bioalcohol production
5 Dilute and concentrated acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Dilute acid hydrolysis
5.3 Concentrated acid hydrolysis
5.4 Process and apparatus of acid pretreatment
5.5 Ethanol production plants currently using acid hydrolysis
5.6 Unit operations pertinent to the ethanol industry
5.7 Future trends
5.8 Sources of further information and advice
5.9 References and further reading
6 Enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Enzymatic hydrolysis mechanism
6.3 Relative saccharification efficiencies
6.4 Factors affecting hydrolysis efficiency
6.5 Methods to improve enzymatic hydrolysis
6.6 Future trends
6.7 References
7 Development of cellulases to improve enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Cellulase structure and function
7.3 Development of cellulases
7.4 Recent developments
7.5 Issues in cellulase development
7.6 Future trends
7.7 References and further reading
Part III Lignocellulose-to-bioalcohol fermentation and separation processes
8 Integrated hydrolysis, fermentation and co-fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Biological processing of lignocellulose
8.3 Feedstocks and pretreatments for simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF)/consolidated bioprocessing (CBP)
8.4 Microbial strains for simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF)/consolidated bioprocessing (CBP)
8.5 Future trends
8.6 References
9 Challenges in co-fermentation of lignocellulose derived sugars using baker's yeast
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Transporter preferences
9.3 Combining recombinant pathways
9.4 Transcriptional regulation in mixed substrate fermentations
9.5 Conclusion and future trends
9.6 References
10 Separation and purification processes for lignocellulose-to-bioalcohol production
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Azeotropic distillation (AD)
10.3 Extractive distillation (ED)
10.4 Extractive fermentation
10.5 Separation by adsorption
10.6 Membrane separation
10.7 Conclusions
10.8 References
Part IV Monitoring and modelling processes in lignocellulose-to-bioalcohol production
11 Analytical monitoring of pretreatment and hydrolysis processes in lignocellulose-to bioalcohol production
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Target analytes resulting from pretreatment and hydrolysis processes
11.3 Detection strategies
11.4 Preparation of biomass hydrolysates for analytical characterization
11.5 Analysis of carbohydrates
11.6 Analysis of lignocellulosic degradation products
11.7 Alternative techniques for analysis of carbohydrates and degradation products
11.8 Conclusion and future trends
11.9 References
12 Online monitoring of fermentation processes in lignocellulose-to-bioalcohol production
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Variables of interest to monitor in bioethanol production processes
12.3 Sampling issues and overview of potential monitoring techniques
12.4 Chromatographic techniques
12.5 Spectroscopic methods
12.6 Software sensors
12.7 Conclusions
12.8 References
13 Modelling hydrolysis and fermentation processes in lignocellulose-to-bioalcohol production
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass by chemicall enzymatic processes
13.3 Fermentation by various microorganisms
13.4 Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF)
13.5 Environmental issues
13.6 Successful examples
13 .7 Future trends
13.8 Sources of further information and advice
13.9 Acknowledgements
13.10 References
Part V Life cycle assessment of, and multiple products from, lignocellulose-to-bioalcohol production
14 Environmental life cycle assessment of lignocellulose-to-bioalcohol production
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Life cycle assessment (LCA) of biofuels
14.3 Life cycle assessment (LCA) of biochemical Iignocellulosic alcohol production
14.4 Comparison of lignocellulosic alcohol biofuelIife cycle assessments (LCAs) with those of other fuels
14.5 Comparison of life cycle studies of lignocellulosic bioalcohols with those of alternative biomass utilization
14.6 Routes for environmental improvement
14.7 Future trends
14.8 References
15 Chemical production from lignocellulosic biomass: thermochemical, sugar and carboxylate platforms
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Lignocellulose feedstocks
15.3 Thermochemical platform
15.4 Sugar platform
15.5 Carboxylate platform
15.6 Conclusions
15.7 Sources of further information and advice
15.8 References
16 Production of longer-chain alcohols from lignocellulosic biomass: buta nol, isopropanol and 2,3 -butanediol
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Characteristics and uses of butanol, acetone, isopropanol and 2,3-butanediol
16.3 Production of butanol and isopropanol by clostridia
16.4 Advances in the production of butanol and isopropanol
16.5 Methods for biological production of 2,3-butanediol
16.6 Advances in the production of 2,3-butanediol
16.7 Other long chain alcohols that can be produced biologically
16.8 Future trends
16.9 Sources of further information and advice
16.10 Acknowledgements
16.11 References
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